Sodium and Depression: Hypothetical Associations

Özdemir, Osman

doi:10.5455/bcp.20121112025839

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This negative correlation between dietary fiber intake and depression was also supported by several other studies [52,53]. Furthermore, a possible mechanism of depression associated with sodium, another significant variable in the multiple regression applied to the entire group, was presented in Ozdemir's work, as follows [54]: Serum intake → thirst → arginine vasopression (AVP) release → adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release → activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function → decreased depression. The negative correlation between depression and serum intake was also addressed in Özdemir's work [55].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Analysis of the Effects of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Habits on Depression in Korean Adults

et al. 2021

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While several studies have explored nutrient intake and dietary habits associated with depression, few studies have reflected recent trends and demographic factors. Therefore, we examined how nutrient intake and eating habits are associated with depression, according to gender and age. We performed simple and multiple regressions using nationally representative samples of 10,106 subjects from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The results indicated that cholesterol, dietary fiber, sodium, frequency of breakfast, lunch, dinner, and eating out were significantly associated with depression (p-value < 0.05). Moreover, depression was associated with nutrient intake and dietary habits by gender and age group: sugar, breakfast, lunch, and eating out frequency in the young women’s group; sodium and lunch frequency among middle-age men; dietary fibers, breakfast, and eating out frequency among middle-age women; energy, moisture, carbohydrate, lunch, and dinner frequency in late middle-age men; breakfast and lunch frequency among late middle-age women; vitamin A, carotene, lunch, and eating out frequency among older age men; and fat, saturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid, and eating out frequency among the older age women’s group (p-value < 0.05). This study can be used to establish dietary strategies for depression prevention, considering gender and age.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Analysis of the Effects of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Habits on Depression in Korean Adults

et al. 2021

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“…This fluid and sodium retention is associated with a decreased appetite condition, so the kidneys automatically maintain the required amount of fluid and sodium in the body. 38 The closure of the proximal tubules of this research indicates that an effort was being made to maintain the required amount of fluid and sodium in the body. This condition is dangerous for the individual because it can trigger…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Protective effect of lavender essential oils on depression and multi-organ stress

et al. 2022

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Introduction: Lavender essential oils (LEO) have been known to have relaxing effects, improve mood, and treat anxiety, but the effect on multiple organ stress concurrently is unknown. This multiorgan stress is related to depression can be caused by chronic psychological stress due to excessive cortisol levels and can lead to organ damage. This study analyzed LEO in preventing depression and multiorgan failure using intraperitoneal injection of corticosteroids in animal-model. Methods: Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain, male, aged 7-8 weeks were involved in this study. Depression in animal-model is defined by immobilization using tail suspension test and anhedonia using sucrose preference test. LEO 5% was diluted in virgin coconut oils as vehicle. Serum cortisol was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Organs were extracted and processed using hematoxylin eosin staining. Results: The results of this study indicate that LEO was able to prevent damage to the glial cells, myocardiac cells, and gastrointestinal mast cells infiltration, but not to the hepatocytes and renal cells damage. LEO also induced behavioral activation as improvement of depression, but anhedonia was still remained. Conclusion: The effect of LEO is to prevent the increase in blood cortisol levels, thus reduce the reactivity of depressed individuals to stress, although the individual still has anhedonia as a residual symptoms

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“…We may assume that during ischemia or brain bleed, the nervous structures related with hormone regulation of electrolyte exchange (hypothalamus, pituitary gland) become damaged, for example, vasopressin is being generated insufficiently (antidiuretic hormone) thus weakening the action of the hormone toward the corresponding cell receptors. Hypernatremia may also occur during depression (Ozdemir, 2013). During this disease, the deficit of the influence of antidiuretic hormone on renal structures is likely related to excessive influence of it on the corresponding brain structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Level of natremia as an index of the condition of the organism of animals under stress

Zaprudnova

2021

Regul. Mech. Biosyst.

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In the diagnosis of stressful conditions in humans and other animals, ionic indicators remain practically unused. In this work, we studied the changes in the concentrations of sodium ions in the blood plasma of freshwater fish under stress caused by stressors of different quality and quantity. Most of the experiments were carried out on adult bream (Abramis brama L) from the Rybinsk Reservoir. Separate experiments were duplicated on adult individuals of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.), pike (Esox lucius L.), and blue bream (Abramis ballerus L.). The concentration of cations in the blood plasma was determined using a Flapho-4 flame photometer. Under the action of mild and short-term stressors of different qualities, the sodium concentration in the internal environment altered toward an increase in concentration gradients on the cell membrane (eustress or physiological stress). Hypernatremia was approximately 10%. Under the action of strong and/or prolonged stressors of different strength, the sodium concentration in the internal environment changed toward a decrease in concentration gradients on the cell membrane (distress or pathological stress). Hyponatremia was 50% in the conditions of acute lethal stress, 20% in subacute lethal stress, 10% or more in chronic lethal stress. During strong acute reversible stress, hyponatremia could reach 30%. Analysis of the material on mammals allowed us to conclude that the adaptation mechanisms in fish and higher vertebrates are similar. In this work, for the first time, the state of the system of electrolyte balance of animals under stress was analyzed from the standpoint of the leading role of ionic concentration gradients on the cell membrane (mainly sodium) in the energetics (level of disequilibrium) of the organism. We propose a concept that in normal and extreme conditions fish use two different defense reactions (or adaptation strategies): active and passive, consisting, respectively, in increasing or decreasing the level of disequilibrium (energy) in the organism. The hyponatremia recorded by numerous authors, which accompanies diseases in humans, is evidently a nonspecific reaction of the organism and serves as an indicator of reduced energy of the organism. It is suggested that the sodium level in the internal environment of the organism be used for diagnosing the stress state of animals.

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Sodium and Depression: Hypothetical Associations

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Analysis of the Effects of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Habits on Depression in Korean Adults

Analysis of the Effects of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Habits on Depression in Korean Adults

Protective effect of lavender essential oils on depression and multi-organ stress

Level of natremia as an index of the condition of the organism of animals under stress

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