Sociological and Communication-Theoretical Perspectives on the Commercialization of the Sciences

Abstract

Both self-organization and organization are important for the further development of the sciences: the two dynamics condition and enable each other. Commercial and public considerations can interact and ''interpenetrate'' in historical organization; different codes of communication are then ''recombined''. However, self-organization in the symbolically generalized codes of communication can be expected to operate at the global level. The Triple Helix model allows for both a neo-institutional appreciation in terms of historical networks of university-industry-government relations and a neo-evolutionary interpretation in terms of three functions: (1) novelty production, (2) wealth generation, and (3) political control. Using this model, one can appreciate both subdynamics. The mutual information in three dimensions enables us to measure the trade-off between organization and self-organization as a possible synergy. The question of optimization between commercial and public interests in the different sciences can thus be made empirical.

Science overlay maps: A tribute to Loet Leydesdorff

“…For instance, technology is linked to the innovation systems in the upper-right of the However, a crucial observation to make is that his performance and influence across these diverse areas does not display a consistent uniformity. Differences become evident when examining papers where he serves as the first author, understood as a proxy of leadership (Zhou; Leydesdorff, 2006) (Figure 2c), with a predominant leading role in scientific communication (we refer to Leydesdorff, 1994a;1994b;2000;2007b;2013;2016;2020;2021). Intriguingly, this area demonstrates the lowest scholarly impact (Figure 2d), in comparison with the remaining areas where his influence is more evenly distributed.…”

Współtworzenie wiedzy i procesy uczenia się w złożonych systemach społecznych. Przypadek współpracy polskich naukowców z podmiotami spoza uniwersytetu

“…W oparciu o przedstawione założenia teoretyczne oraz obserwacje empiryczne, w sposób iteracyjny skonstruowano propozycję modelu współpracy nauki z innymi subsystemami społecznymi. Do opisu jego elementów wykorzystano ramy teoretyczne dotyczące: 1) operacyjnej zamkniętości, autopojetyczności i adaptacyjności subsystemów funkcjonalnych społeczeństwa (Luhmann, 2012), 2) specyfiki komunikacji intersystemowej zapośredniczonej przez proces podwójnej kodyfikacji (Leydesdorff, 1997(Leydesdorff, , 2013, 3) rozumienia wiedzy tworzonej na pograniczu dwóch systemów jako konstruktów, określanych w socjologii wiedzy mianem obiektów granicznych (Leigh Star, Griesemer, 1989) oraz 4) rozumienia absorbcji takich konstruktów przez obydwa systemy w kategoriach procesu translacji (Czarniawska, Joerges, 1996;Czarniawska, Sevon, 1996). Istotą wszystkich opisywanych w tych kategoriach procesów jest to, że składają się one na ogólny mechanizm "radzenia sobie" w sytuacji, gdy każda z grup odczytuje i nadaje znaczenia obserwacjom na własny sposób i z teoretyczno-logicznego punktu widzenia nie istnieje możliwość uzyskania identycznej interpretacji ich rezultatów, a mimo to współpraca zachodzi i bywa dla wszystkich zaangażowanych stron efektywna.…”

A universidade como vetor do desenvolvimento econômico, social e tecnológico local: o caso da UFPE para Pernambuco

“…se universidades e indústrias já estão colaborando, o papel do governo pode ser diferente de uma configuração em que as duas esferas operam à distância. Em um sistema com três funções, a ordem das operações também pode ser uma diferença: se o governo assumir a liderança, o resultado é diferente de deixar a lide-A UNIVERSIDADE COMO VETOR DO DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO, SOCIAL E TECNOLÓGICO LOCAL: o caso da UFPE para Pernambuco rança para a indústria 3 (Leydesdorff;Park;Lengyel, 2012, p. 4).…”

“…A participação se descreve indispensável quando se visa implementar uma política pública efetiva (Lasswell, 1970, p. 3-14). Trata-se da comunicação como fator relevante, pois a participação dos destinatários legitima uma política pública e, por consequência, conduz ações dos destinatários capazes de cooperar coordenadamente para a melhor implementação e continuidade da referida política (Mascareño, 2010, p. 111-126;Leydesdorff, 2013Leydesdorff, , p. 2511Leydesdorff, -2527Barcelos, 2015;Bora, 2017, p. 15-37).…”