Sociodemographic and Reproductive Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in the Setif Province, Northern Algeria

Abstract

Background: The age-standardized rate of breast cancer (BC) increased nearly nine-fold in the last 30 years in Setif, Algeria. A case-control study was carried out to investigate the role of sociodemographic characteristics and reproductive factors in the etiology of BC in this young Arab/Berber population of Setif. Methods: Cases were 612 women with incident BC admitted to major teaching and general hospitals of Setif during 2012-2017. Controls were 615 women admitted for acute, non-neoplastic conditions to the same hospital network of cases. Information was elicited using a standardized questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed after allowance for age and education. Results: Significant associations with BC risk emerged for family history of BC (OR= 4.15 for yes vs. no; 95%CI: 2.22-7.77), for the generation of oral contraceptive used (OR=1.57 for II-generation vs. III-generation; 95%CI:1.01-2.44), and education (OR=0.63 for >11 years vs. no schooling; 95%CI: 0.46-0.86). Conversely, parity and body mass index were not associated with BC risk, whereas a late age at menarche was linked with a non statistically significant BC risk (OR=1.20 for >15 vs. <13 years; 95%CI:0.86-1.66). These results were consistent in strata of menopausal status. Conclusion(s): Some of the expected risk factors (e.g., low education levels and type of oral contraceptives) were associated with elevated BC risks also in Setif, and these findings offer further support to primary preventive efforts already carried on in Algeria. Conversely, no association emerged for other well established risk factors (e.g., body mass index).

Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk in Palestine: A case control study

“…Furthermore, women living in the Gaza Strip and who had a positive family history of breast ca showed an increased the risk for breast ca (OR=2.7, 95%CI: 1.04-7.20). Similar results were reported among Moroccan women (OR=11.15, 95%CI: 2.54-49) [52] and among Algerian women where the odds for breast cancer was 4 times among those with a family history of breast ca (95%CI: 2.22-7.77) [53]. These two factors, i.e.…”

Oral Contraceptive Use and Breast Cancer Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies, 2009–2020

“…Reproductive factors included age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding and menopausal status. The earlier age of menarche (≤12 years) was associated with a statistically significant higher BrCa risk (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.31, p = 0.0016), as shown in the meta-analysis of 29 studies [ 26 , 27 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 62 , 64 , 66 ]. In addition, analysis of 30 studies of parity [ 26 , 27 , 30 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ,…”

“…In addition, analysis of 30 studies of parity [ 26 , 27 , 30 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 67 ] indicated that nulliparous women had a significantly increased risk for BrCa compared to women who gave birth (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.43, p = 0.0146). A total of 14 studies [ 27 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 49 , 51 , 55 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 67 ] evaluated the association between first pregnancy above 25 years and risk of developing BrCa. Compared to the first births under the age of 25 years, increased risk was noted (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.25, p = 0.2599).…”

“…Among personal risk factors, the meta-analysis for BMI based on 16 studies [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 32 , 34 , 39 , 41 , 44 , 49 , 51 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 63 , 66 ] indicated a non-significant increase in risk for obese women (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.50, p = 0.1289) compared to women who are underweight/normal/overweight. Tobacco use also had significant associations with BrCa risks (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.83, p = 0.0000) based on the meta-analysis of 14 studies [ 26 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 36 , 42 , 49 , 52 , 54 , 58 , 62 , 64 , 66 , 67 ].…”

“…Tobacco use also had significant associations with BrCa risks (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.83, p = 0.0000) based on the meta-analysis of 14 studies [ 26 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 36 , 42 , 49 , 52 , 54 , 58 , 62 , 64 , 66 , 67 ]. Likewise, 29 studies [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 66 , 67 ] showed that family history of BrCa in the first or second relatives was significantly associated with higher risk (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.32 to 2.24, p = 0.0001). Finally, an analysis of four studies [ 26 , 29 , 32 , 39 ] found a slightly increased, but not statistically significant, risk of BrCa in women with diabetes (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 0.60 to 6.62, p = 0.2605).…”