Socio-political changes in Poland and the problem of sex discrimination

Beliefs in Equality for Women and Men as Related to Economic Factors in Central and Eastern Europe and the United States

“…Although the society was never truly equal, there was an illusion of egalitarianism (Gal & Kligman, 2000;Malinowska, 1995). Although the socialist rhetoric supported equality of the sexes, there might never have been true equality and people's personal views might not have supported the ideology (Funk & Mueller, 1993;Rener & Ule, 1998).…”

“…Although the socialist rhetoric supported equality of the sexes, there might never have been true equality and people's personal views might not have supported the ideology (Funk & Mueller, 1993;Rener & Ule, 1998). Many have noted that women were never truly equal in the labor force or in other ways in the socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (e.g., Leven, 1994;Malinowska, 1995;Massey, Hahn, & Sekulic, 1995;McMahon, 1994). Many of the laws that supported gender equality were not well followed in the Soviet Union, or in other state socialist countries (Epstein, 1988;Shebloski & Gibbons, 1998).…”

“…In Russia, as in other formerly state socialist countries, the movement away from Marxist ideology has been accompanied by a belief among some that a movement toward traditional (non-egalitarian) gender roles are both inevitable and desirable (Deacon, 1992;Goodwin & Emelyanova, 1995;Henderson-King & Zhermer, 2003;Malinowska, 1995;Stulhofer & Sandfort, 2005). Many have questioned the previous policy under socialism for women to be employed full time and have argued that it would be better for the society if women did not have full-time jobs outside the home.…”

“…These types of changes might lead to less egalitarian views of gender roles. For example, Malinowska (1995) argued that, in times of economic prosperity in socialist Poland, women were encouraged to enter many high level jobs, but with economic downturn, women's roles as mothers were emphasized, and women's labor force participation (and equality with men) was discouraged.…”

Beliefs in Equality for Women and Men as Related to Economic Factors in Central and Eastern Europe and the United States

“…Although the society was never truly equal, there was an illusion of egalitarianism (Gal & Kligman, 2000;Malinowska, 1995). Although the socialist rhetoric supported equality of the sexes, there might never have been true equality and people's personal views might not have supported the ideology (Funk & Mueller, 1993;Rener & Ule, 1998).…”

“…Although the socialist rhetoric supported equality of the sexes, there might never have been true equality and people's personal views might not have supported the ideology (Funk & Mueller, 1993;Rener & Ule, 1998). Many have noted that women were never truly equal in the labor force or in other ways in the socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (e.g., Leven, 1994;Malinowska, 1995;Massey, Hahn, & Sekulic, 1995;McMahon, 1994). Many of the laws that supported gender equality were not well followed in the Soviet Union, or in other state socialist countries (Epstein, 1988;Shebloski & Gibbons, 1998).…”

“…In Russia, as in other formerly state socialist countries, the movement away from Marxist ideology has been accompanied by a belief among some that a movement toward traditional (non-egalitarian) gender roles are both inevitable and desirable (Deacon, 1992;Goodwin & Emelyanova, 1995;Henderson-King & Zhermer, 2003;Malinowska, 1995;Stulhofer & Sandfort, 2005). Many have questioned the previous policy under socialism for women to be employed full time and have argued that it would be better for the society if women did not have full-time jobs outside the home.…”

“…These types of changes might lead to less egalitarian views of gender roles. For example, Malinowska (1995) argued that, in times of economic prosperity in socialist Poland, women were encouraged to enter many high level jobs, but with economic downturn, women's roles as mothers were emphasized, and women's labor force participation (and equality with men) was discouraged.…”

Employment Discrimination in Organizations: Antecedents and Consequences

“…Often, it seems, many other countries in some way mimic the antidiscrimination laws in the United States and, as a result, researchers in those countries often view similar issues but in ways unique to those countries. For example, Malinowska (1995) explored the problem of sex discrimination in Poland and concluded that democracy helped perpetuate sex discrimination there. She suggests that under socialism, the government perpetuated what she refers to as the "illusion of egalitarianism."…”

Beliefs in Equality for Women and Men as Related to Economic Factors in Central and Eastern Europe and the United States

“…Although the society was never truly equal, there was an illusion of egalitarianism (Gal & Kligman, 2000;Malinowska, 1995). Although the socialist rhetoric supported equality of the sexes, there might never have been true equality and people's personal views might not have supported the ideology (Funk & Mueller, 1993;Rener & Ule, 1998).…”

“…Although the socialist rhetoric supported equality of the sexes, there might never have been true equality and people's personal views might not have supported the ideology (Funk & Mueller, 1993;Rener & Ule, 1998). Many have noted that women were never truly equal in the labor force or in other ways in the socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (e.g., Leven, 1994;Malinowska, 1995;Massey, Hahn, & Sekulic, 1995;McMahon, 1994). Many of the laws that supported gender equality were not well followed in the Soviet Union, or in other state socialist countries (Epstein, 1988;Shebloski & Gibbons, 1998).…”

“…In Russia, as in other formerly state socialist countries, the movement away from Marxist ideology has been accompanied by a belief among some that a movement toward traditional (non-egalitarian) gender roles are both inevitable and desirable (Deacon, 1992;Goodwin & Emelyanova, 1995;Henderson-King & Zhermer, 2003;Malinowska, 1995;Stulhofer & Sandfort, 2005). Many have questioned the previous policy under socialism for women to be employed full time and have argued that it would be better for the society if women did not have full-time jobs outside the home.…”

“…These types of changes might lead to less egalitarian views of gender roles. For example, Malinowska (1995) argued that, in times of economic prosperity in socialist Poland, women were encouraged to enter many high level jobs, but with economic downturn, women's roles as mothers were emphasized, and women's labor force participation (and equality with men) was discouraged.…”

Employment Discrimination in Organizations: Antecedents and Consequences

“…Often, it seems, many other countries in some way mimic the antidiscrimination laws in the United States and, as a result, researchers in those countries often view similar issues but in ways unique to those countries. For example, Malinowska (1995) explored the problem of sex discrimination in Poland and concluded that democracy helped perpetuate sex discrimination there. She suggests that under socialism, the government perpetuated what she refers to as the "illusion of egalitarianism."…”

Beliefs in Equality for Women and Men as Related to Economic Factors in Central and Eastern Europe and the United States

“…Although the society was never truly equal, there was an illusion of egalitarianism (Gal & Kligman, 2000;Malinowska, 1995). Although the socialist rhetoric supported equality of the sexes, there might never have been true equality and people's personal views might not have supported the ideology (Funk & Mueller, 1993;Rener & Ule, 1998).…”

“…Although the socialist rhetoric supported equality of the sexes, there might never have been true equality and people's personal views might not have supported the ideology (Funk & Mueller, 1993;Rener & Ule, 1998). Many have noted that women were never truly equal in the labor force or in other ways in the socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (e.g., Leven, 1994;Malinowska, 1995;Massey, Hahn, & Sekulic, 1995;McMahon, 1994). Many of the laws that supported gender equality were not well followed in the Soviet Union, or in other state socialist countries (Epstein, 1988;Shebloski & Gibbons, 1998).…”

“…In Russia, as in other formerly state socialist countries, the movement away from Marxist ideology has been accompanied by a belief among some that a movement toward traditional (non-egalitarian) gender roles are both inevitable and desirable (Deacon, 1992;Goodwin & Emelyanova, 1995;Henderson-King & Zhermer, 2003;Malinowska, 1995;Stulhofer & Sandfort, 2005). Many have questioned the previous policy under socialism for women to be employed full time and have argued that it would be better for the society if women did not have full-time jobs outside the home.…”

“…These types of changes might lead to less egalitarian views of gender roles. For example, Malinowska (1995) argued that, in times of economic prosperity in socialist Poland, women were encouraged to enter many high level jobs, but with economic downturn, women's roles as mothers were emphasized, and women's labor force participation (and equality with men) was discouraged.…”

Employment Discrimination in Organizations: Antecedents and Consequences

“…Often, it seems, many other countries in some way mimic the antidiscrimination laws in the United States and, as a result, researchers in those countries often view similar issues but in ways unique to those countries. For example, Malinowska (1995) explored the problem of sex discrimination in Poland and concluded that democracy helped perpetuate sex discrimination there. She suggests that under socialism, the government perpetuated what she refers to as the "illusion of egalitarianism."…”