Social identity and inequality: The impact of China's hukou system

Afridi, Farzana; Li, Sherry Xin; Ren, Yufei

doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.12.011

Cited by 348 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…Cuando no se reveló ninguna clase social, los sujetos de ambos extremos se desempeñaron sin distinción. Afridi, Li y Ren (2015) replican esta metodología para mostrar el impacto de la identidad social -sistema de registro de hogares (hukou) de China, que favorece a los residentes urbanos y discrimina a los residentes rurales en la asignación de recursos-en el desempeño cognitivo de los individuos. Sus resultados demuestran que revelar la identidad hukou de los individuos reduce de manera significativa el desempeño de los estudiantes rurales frente a los urbanos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…La hipótesis en este trabajo es que la identidad social por tono de piel puede afectar las aspiraciones futuras y el esfuerzo en pruebas cognitivas. Por tanto, para mostrar evidencia empírica de dicha hipótesis, implementamos un diseño experimental similar al de Hoff y Pandey (2014) y Afridi, Li y Ren (2015. Analizamos, tal como la literatura internacional previa, si es que los estereotipos por color de piel afectan el desempeño en actividades cognitivas relacionadas con el rendimiento académico.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Identidad social y estereotipos por color de piel. Aspiraciones y desempeño en jóvenes mexicanos

Vázquez

Cortina

2017

El Trimestre

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Background: Recent literature shows that, in Mexico, skin color is relevant for life outcomes and for social mobility. A possible transmission channel is explicit discrimination. Another possible channel is that the effort and aspirations may be affected by negative stereotypes attributed to dark-skinned individuals. Since society values certain physical traits (social identity), affected individuals can modify their behavior and expectations. Methods: We conducted a field experiment with middle school students in Mexico City. Each student solved a cognitive test and a questionnaire about future aspirations. The experimental design consisted of randomly revealing information before performing the test. The control group did not receive any information. Treatment 1 received twelve images of public characters with light or white skin prior taking the test, treatment 2 received a color palette to selfassess skin color and treatment 3 received both the mosaic of images and the palette of colors. Results: Results presented in here indicate that social identity and skin color stereotypes affect the aspirations and performance of young people in Mexico. The

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Identidad social y estereotipos por color de piel. Aspiraciones y desempeño en jóvenes mexicanos

Vázquez

Cortina

2017

El Trimestre

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“…In 1950s, the Chinese government officially promulgated the family register system to control the movement of people between urban and rural areas. An additional function of hukou is that government can use it to indirectly control the migration of rural workers to cities (Afridi et al, 2015) by differentiating the package of social welfare granted to urban and rural workers. Urban hukou holders enjoy more employment opportunities, ration stamps, and other benefits such as subsidized housing, health services, and education.…”

Section: Motivation Constructs and Compliance Variable Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative and image motivations for transportation policy compliance

Gao

Zhao

2016

Urban Studies

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Compliance with laws and regulations intended to protect common pool resources in the urban context is essential in tackling problems such as pollution and congestion. A high level of noncompliance necessitates investigation into motivations behind compliance. The long-held instrumental theory emphasizing the dependence of compliance on tangible deterrence measures fails to adequately explain empirical findings. More recently established compliance models incorporate normative, instrumental, and image factors as motivations for compliance. We investigate the importance of normative and image motivations for transportation policy compliance, and the influence of the hukou (China's household registration) on the composition of motivations. Through a case study of Shanghai's license auction policy to inhibit car growth, we use a structural equation model and data from a survey (n = 1,389) of policy attitudes and compliance behavior. The results show that both locals and migrants comply because of instrumental motivation. However, for locals, normative and image motivations not only influence compliance but do so to a greater degree than instrumental motivations. This stands in stark contrast with that there was no statistical relationship between normative and image motivations and compliance for migrants. The significant contribution of normative and image motivations to compliance in locals bears positive implications for compliance, but the absence of that in migrants is worrying. If only instrumental motivations matter, then the government is really constrained in how it can go about keeping social order. Compliance obtained strictly through social control indicates an unsustainable state of governance.

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“…Although a large number of migrant workers are currently working and living in new cities, they do not enjoy basic social welfare services, such as education, healthcare, social insurance, and public services. The hukou system has a negative effect on internal migration, efficiency, social identity, and inequality (Liu, 2005;Yang, 2014;Afridi et al, 2015). Thus, the issue of peasant workers' citizenization was proposed (Liu and Xu, 2007) and became an important issue in the New-type Urbanization Plan 2014-2020 promoted by the Chinese government (Chen et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-urbanization and evolving patterns of urbanization in China: Insights from the 2000 to 2010 national censuses

et al. 2016

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Based on the prefecture-level data of the 2000 and 2010 national censuses, the spatial evolution of China's semi-urbanization is analyzed in this study. The stages of urbanization are re-examined by considering semi-urbanization. Nine types of urban development are presented according to the relations between semi-urbanization and urbanization, and China's urbanization is divided into five stages, namely, high incoordination, incoordination, low coordination, coordination, and high coordination. Results show that China's semi-urbanization rate varies significantly from one area to another; its order in 2010 from the highest to the lowest value was as follows: east, middle, west, and northeast. Urbanization and semi-urbanization rates in inland cities increase much faster than those in coastal cities. In addition, semi-urbanization displays a spatial pattern similar to that of urbanization across China, with the sole exception of the northeastern region. Through a spatial autocorrelation analysis, the spatial concentration of semi-urbanization is determined to be increasing. High-value concentration areas are expanding in the coastal east, whereas low-value concentration areas are growing in the northeast. Lastly, the evolution of China's urbanization model suggests a weakening trend of coordination between urbanization and semi-urbanization over the studied decade. Semi-urbanization can be viewed as a special production of China's hukou system, which restricts the permanent settlement of migrants in cities. As such, China's semi-urbanization trend is expected to exhibit a reversed U-shaped pattern as urbanization and citizenization develop.

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Social identity and inequality: The impact of China's hukou system

Cited by 348 publications

References 48 publications

Identidad social y estereotipos por color de piel. Aspiraciones y desempeño en jóvenes mexicanos

Identidad social y estereotipos por color de piel. Aspiraciones y desempeño en jóvenes mexicanos

Normative and image motivations for transportation policy compliance

Semi-urbanization and evolving patterns of urbanization in China: Insights from the 2000 to 2010 national censuses

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