Social Adjustment and Depression

Interpersonal behavior of depressive individuals in a mixed-motive game.

“…These findings are also consistent with Lewinsohn's (1974) reports that depressives elicit relatively low rates of positive reactions from others. Further, these data are consonant with the observations of Paykel and Weissman (1973) and Weissman and Paykel (1974), that depressed persons are in the center of considerable interpersonal conflict in their everyday lives. In extending these earlier findings, the present analogue data point toward some of the qualitative aspects of depressives' and others' behaviors and communications which may mediate such interpersonal strife.…”

The concept of recovery in major depression

“…The most frequently reported symptoms involved anxiety and irritability. These findings were consistent with previous studies on prodromal symptoms of depression (Fava et al 1990;Van Praag, 1992), overlapped with results concerned with interpersonal friction (Paykel & Weissman, 1973), irritability (Nystrom & Lindegard, 1975) and anxiety (Murray & Blackburn, 1974) and underwent independent replication (Paykel et al 1995 ;Paykel, 1998 ;Nierenberg et al 1999 ;Gasto`et al 2003;Cuffel et al 2003;. found that incomplete recovery from the first lifetime major depressive episode was linked to a chronic course of illness during a 12-year prospective naturalistic follow-up.…”

The Concept of Recovery in Affective Disorders

“…The most frequently reported symptoms involved anxiety and irritability. This was consistent with previous studies on prodromal symptoms of depression [57,58] and over lapped with findings concerned with interpersonal fric tion [33] and trait anxiety [40], An impressive body of research suggests that biological markers of depressive illness tend to subside upon clinical recovery. Such markers include abnormalities of the hy pothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [59,60], im paired lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity [61] and sleep EEG patterns [62][63][64][65][66], In particular, abnormal dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results tend to normalize upon antidepressant treatment: failure to do so is often associated with a poor prognosis, indicating that full recovery from depression should include normaliza tion of the HPA axis [2].…”