Soaps

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Historical Aspects 3. Raw Materials 4. Production 4.1. Basic Principles 4.1.1. Saponification of Neutral Oils 4.1.2. Saponification of Fatty Acids 4.1.3. Saponification of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters 4.2. Industrial Production of Soap Bases 4.2.1. Kettle Saponification 4.2.2. Continuous Saponification Processes 4.2.3. Batch Processes 4.3. Drying 4.4. Storage 4.5. The Finishing of Soap Base 5. Characteristic Features of the Most Common Types of Soap 5.1. Toilet Soaps 5.2. Other Soap Products 6. Syndets 7. Environmental Protection 8. Quality Control and Analysis 9. Economic Aspects 10. Toxicology

Rolling and Impacting Caustic Drops on Super Liquid‐Repellent Surfaces: In Situ Force and Energy Monitoring of Surface Degradation

“…To accelerate assessment, we employed highly concentrated 3 M KOH as the drop‐based probes. Here, KOH is known to degrade both organics [ 51 ] and inorganics, [ 52 ] making it ideal for assessing degradation on surface‐functionalized metal oxides. Additionally, other potentially corrosive liquids, such as H 2 SO 4 (3 M ) and seawater (3.5% NaCl) were also demonstrated as test liquids (Figure S1, Supporting Information) on the fluoro‐free titania‐based (Decyl‐TiO 2 ) surfaces under rolling contact.…”

Rolling and Impacting Caustic Drops on Super Liquid‐Repellent Surfaces: In Situ Force and Energy Monitoring of Surface Degradation

“…To accelerate assessment, we employed highly concentrated 3 M KOH as the drop‐based probes. Here, KOH is known to degrade both organics [ 51 ] and inorganics, [ 52 ] making it ideal for assessing degradation on surface‐functionalized metal oxides. Additionally, other potentially corrosive liquids, such as H 2 SO 4 (3 M ) and seawater (3.5% NaCl) were also demonstrated as test liquids (Figure S1, Supporting Information) on the fluoro‐free titania‐based (Decyl‐TiO 2 ) surfaces under rolling contact.…”

Evaluation of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera L.) encapsulation, impact on the nutritional and functional properties of fortified yoghurt

“…The identification of the components of fatty acids methyl esters was performed using gas liquid chromatography using (Hewlett Packard Model 6890 chromatograph), according to Schumann, and Siekmann [24], under the following conditions: Separation was done on an INNO wax (polyethylene glycol) Model No. 19095 N-123, 240°C maximum, capillary column 30.0 m x 530 μm x 1.0 μm, nominal flow 15 mL/ min.…”

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arene Alkylation and Alkenylation: Catalytic Processes for the Generation of Chemical Intermediates

“…We suggest that, much as the development of routes to BABs and then LABs led to commercial products, a commercially viable route for the large-scale production of SLABs could provide the foundation for valuable chemicals. For example, SLABs achieve the linearity of the alkyl chain typically found in natural soaps and detergent precursors such as stearic acid and lauric acid . In addition, straight-chain vinyl- and allylanisole derivatives are used in the flavor and fragrance industries .…”

Rolling and Impacting Caustic Drops on Super Liquid‐Repellent Surfaces: In Situ Force and Energy Monitoring of Surface Degradation

“…To accelerate assessment, we employed highly concentrated 3 M KOH as the drop‐based probes. Here, KOH is known to degrade both organics [ 51 ] and inorganics, [ 52 ] making it ideal for assessing degradation on surface‐functionalized metal oxides. Additionally, other potentially corrosive liquids, such as H 2 SO 4 (3 M ) and seawater (3.5% NaCl) were also demonstrated as test liquids (Figure S1, Supporting Information) on the fluoro‐free titania‐based (Decyl‐TiO 2 ) surfaces under rolling contact.…”

Evaluation of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera L.) encapsulation, impact on the nutritional and functional properties of fortified yoghurt

“…The identification of the components of fatty acids methyl esters was performed using gas liquid chromatography using (Hewlett Packard Model 6890 chromatograph), according to Schumann, and Siekmann [24], under the following conditions: Separation was done on an INNO wax (polyethylene glycol) Model No. 19095 N-123, 240°C maximum, capillary column 30.0 m x 530 μm x 1.0 μm, nominal flow 15 mL/ min.…”

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arene Alkylation and Alkenylation: Catalytic Processes for the Generation of Chemical Intermediates

“…We suggest that, much as the development of routes to BABs and then LABs led to commercial products, a commercially viable route for the large-scale production of SLABs could provide the foundation for valuable chemicals. For example, SLABs achieve the linearity of the alkyl chain typically found in natural soaps and detergent precursors such as stearic acid and lauric acid . In addition, straight-chain vinyl- and allylanisole derivatives are used in the flavor and fragrance industries .…”

Rolling and Impacting Caustic Drops on Super Liquid‐Repellent Surfaces: In Situ Force and Energy Monitoring of Surface Degradation

“…To accelerate assessment, we employed highly concentrated 3 M KOH as the drop‐based probes. Here, KOH is known to degrade both organics [ 51 ] and inorganics, [ 52 ] making it ideal for assessing degradation on surface‐functionalized metal oxides. Additionally, other potentially corrosive liquids, such as H 2 SO 4 (3 M ) and seawater (3.5% NaCl) were also demonstrated as test liquids (Figure S1, Supporting Information) on the fluoro‐free titania‐based (Decyl‐TiO 2 ) surfaces under rolling contact.…”

Evaluation of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera L.) encapsulation, impact on the nutritional and functional properties of fortified yoghurt

“…The identification of the components of fatty acids methyl esters was performed using gas liquid chromatography using (Hewlett Packard Model 6890 chromatograph), according to Schumann, and Siekmann [24], under the following conditions: Separation was done on an INNO wax (polyethylene glycol) Model No. 19095 N-123, 240°C maximum, capillary column 30.0 m x 530 μm x 1.0 μm, nominal flow 15 mL/ min.…”

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arene Alkylation and Alkenylation: Catalytic Processes for the Generation of Chemical Intermediates

“…We suggest that, much as the development of routes to BABs and then LABs led to commercial products, a commercially viable route for the large-scale production of SLABs could provide the foundation for valuable chemicals. For example, SLABs achieve the linearity of the alkyl chain typically found in natural soaps and detergent precursors such as stearic acid and lauric acid . In addition, straight-chain vinyl- and allylanisole derivatives are used in the flavor and fragrance industries .…”