Smoking confounds the periodontal diagnostics using saliva biomarkers

Lahdentausta, Laura; Paju, Susanna; Mäntylä, Päivi; Buhlin, Kåre; Pietiäinen, Milla; Tervahartiala, Taina; Nieminen, Markku S.; Sinisalo, Juha; Sorsa, Timo; Pussinen, Pirkko J.

doi:10.1002/jper.18-0545

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Biomarker analysis is dependent on many factors, like the collection system, the individual salivary flow rate (66), stimulated or unstimulated sampling, time of sampling, centrifugation and processing, the storage of samples, and the detection method. Furthermore, aggravating factors for periodontitis such as smoking (67)(68)(69) or stress, but also gender have a locally or systemically influence on the secretion of biomarkers into saliva (66,70,71). It was also shown that blood contamination of saliva samples could have an impact on biomarker levels (72).…”

Section: Influencing Factors On Salivary Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva as a Source of Biomarkers for Periodontitis and Periimplantitis

et al. 2021

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Saliva has the potential to be used as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for various diseases if biomarkers of an adequate sensitivity and specificity could be identified. Several reviews and even meta-analyses have been performed in recent years, which have found some candidate biomarkers for periodontitis, like macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-8, or hemoglobin. However, none of those are currently in use to replace conventional periodontal diagnostics with a periodontal probe. For periimplantitis, to date, heterogeneity of different study protocols and implant types did not permit to discover clear biomarkers, which were able to distinguish between healthy and diseased implants. Few proinflammatory cytokines, similar to periodontitis, have been characterized as adjunct tools to clinical diagnosis. The additional determination of antimicrobial peptides, bone turnover markers, and bacteria could help to enhance sensitivity and specificity in a combined model for periodontitis and periimplantitis. Furthermore, proteomic approaches might be preferred over single biomarker determinations. A global consensus is also needed to harmonize salivary sampling methods as well as procedures of biomarker analysis to ensure future comparability.

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Section: Influencing Factors On Salivary Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva as a Source of Biomarkers for Periodontitis and Periimplantitis

et al. 2021

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“…The strong relation between TIMPs and MMPs suggests that TIMPs might potentially serve as a biomarker to diagnose periodontitis and monitor disease progression in oral fluids. 12 , 13 Of the four types of TIMPs identified in humans, TIMP‐1, an inhibitor of MMP‐9, has most often been associated with periodontal disease. However, so far the diagnostic value of TIMP‐1 in periodontal disease has not been systematically reviewed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is TIMP‐1 a biomarker for periodontal disease? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Brouwer

Bikker

Brand

et al. 2021

J of Periodontal Research

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Objective One of the most important families of proteases associated with periodontal disease is the family of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Their activity is regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and an imbalance between MMP activity and regulation by TIMPs has been associated with the progression of periodontal disease. This strong interaction between TIMPs and MMPs might be an indication that TIMPs can be used as a biomarker to monitor periodontal disease progression in oral fluids. In particular, TIMP‐1 is a frequently studied biomarker for periodontal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the scientific literature regarding TIMP‐1 concentrations in oral fluids of patients suffering from periodontitis or gingivitis in comparison to healthy individuals. Material and Methods PubMed/ MedLine and Web of Science databases were searched electronically. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were systematically evaluated and assessed for eligibility and risk of bias. Meta‐analysis was performed through the random effects model to assess the association between periodontitis/gingivitis and TIMP‐1 concentration in stimulated saliva, unstimulated saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Results The search strategy provided a total of 322 studies of which 10 studies met all inclusion criteria. Two studies investigated TIMP‐1 concentrations in GCF, three studies in unstimulated saliva, and five studies investigated TIMP‐1 concentrations in stimulated saliva. Three studies revealed that TIMP‐1 levels in oral fluids were significantly decreased in periodontal disease. Meta‐analysis revealed that there is no statistically significant difference between TIMP‐1 concentration in oral fluids of periodontitis/gingivitis patients in comparison to healthy individuals. Conclusions This systematic review with meta‐analysis shows that periodontal diseases are not associated with a statistically significant change in TIMP‐1 concentration in oral fluids.

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“…Therefore, the simultaneous presence of CVD on the one hand and periodontitis on the other hand can be a real explanation for the deterioration of endothelial function due to high levels of MPO. In this regard, recent research has shown that the treatment of periodontitis has significantly reduced the systemic levels of MPO in patients with coronary disease [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, several reports demonstrated that increased hs-CRP levels in serum can facilitate the increment of MPO levels in serum in several diseases in humans [23,[35][36][37][38]. In accordance with the results of our study, several studies have been demonstrated that situations which may cause an increase of oxidative stress, such as CVD and periodontal disease, cause the high release of CRP, which in turn, can arouse the production of MPO in saliva and serum in order to defend tissue damage determined by oxidative stress condition [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Myeloperoxidase Levels on Periodontal Disease: An Applied Clinical Study

et al. 2020

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In this trial, we evaluated the influence on plasma and salivary myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels of periodontal health, coronary heart disease (CHD), periodontitis, or both periodontitis and CHD. Clinical and periodontal parameters were collected from periodontitis patients (n = 31), CHD patients (n = 31), patients with both periodontitis and CHD (n = 31), and from healthy patients (n = 31) together with saliva and plasma samples. The median concentrations of salivary and plasma MPO were statistically higher in the CHD patients [plasma: 26.2 (18.2–34.4) ng/mg; saliva 83.2 (77.4–101.5) ng/mL, p < 0.01] and in the periodontitis plus CHD patients [plasma: 27.8 (22.5–35.7) ng/mg; saliva 85.6 (76.5–106.7) ng/mL, p < 0.001] with respect to periodontitis and control patients. Through a univariate regression analysis, c-reactive protein (CRP) and CHD (both p < 0.001) and periodontitis (p = 0.024) were statistically correlated with MPO in plasma. The multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that only CRP was statistically the predictor of MPO in plasma (p < 0.001). The multivariate regression analysis in saliva demonstrated that, regarding MPO levels the only predictors were CRP (p < 0.001) and total cholesterol (p = 0.035). The present study evidenced that subjects with CHD and periodontitis plus CHD had higher plasma and salivary levels of MPO compared to subjects with periodontitis and healthy controls.

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Smoking confounds the periodontal diagnostics using saliva biomarkers

Cited by 12 publications

References 43 publications

Saliva as a Source of Biomarkers for Periodontitis and Periimplantitis

Saliva as a Source of Biomarkers for Periodontitis and Periimplantitis

Is TIMP‐1 a biomarker for periodontal disease? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Influence of Myeloperoxidase Levels on Periodontal Disease: An Applied Clinical Study

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