Smoke and fire characteristics for cerrado and deforestation burns in Brazil: BASE‐B Experiment

Ward, Darold E.; Susott, Ronald A.; Kauffman, J. Boone; Babbitt, Ronald E.; Cummings, Dian L.; Dias, Braulio Ferreira de Souza; Holben, B. N.; Kaufman, Yoram J.; Rasmussen, R. A.; Setzer, Alberto

doi:10.1029/92jd01218

Cited by 288 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In older work, comparisons between the CE (which correlates well with the MCE) and CH 4 EFs were presented. Ward et al (1992) showed a correlation of 0.96 and a slope of EF (CH 4 ) = −82.1 × CE + 78.6 for a regression of 18 deforestation fires in Brazil. We are not aware of any recent comparisons between MCE and EF CH 4 for fires in the extratropical forest biome, but in older work of e.g.…”

Section: Available Ef Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variability in the ratio of trace gases emitted from biomass burning

Leeuwen¹,

Werf²

2011

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Fires are a major source of trace gases and aerosols to the atmosphere. The amount of biomass burned is becoming better known, most importantly due to improved burned area datasets and a better representation of fuel consumption. The spatial and temporal variability in the partitioning of biomass burned into emitted trace gases and aerosols, however, has received relatively little attention. To convert estimates of biomass burned to trace gas and aerosol emissions, most studies have used emission ratios (or emission factors (EFs)) based on the arithmetic mean of field measurement outcomes, stratified by biome. However, EFs vary substantially in time and space, even within a single biome. In addition, it is unknown whether the available field measurement locations provide a representative sample for the various biomes. Here we used the available body of EF literature in combination with satellite-derived information on vegetation characteristics and climatic conditions to better understand the spatio-temporal variability in EFs. While focusing on CO, CH 4 , and CO 2 , our findings are also applicable to other trace gases and aerosols. We explored relations between EFs and different measurements of environmental variables that may correlate with part of the variability in EFs (tree cover density, vegetation greenness, temperature, precipitation, and the length of the dry season). Although reasonable correlations were found for specific case studies, correlations based on the full suite of available measurements were lower and explained about 33%, 38%, 19%, and 34% of the variability for respectively CO, CH 4 , CO 2 , and the Modified Combustion Efficiency (MCE). This may be partly due to uncertainties in the environmental variables, differences in measurement techniques for EFs, assumptions on the ratio between flaming and smoldering combustion, and incomplete information on the location and timing of EF Correspondence to: T. T. van Leeuwen (thijs.van.leeuwen@falw.vu.nl) measurements. We derived new mean EFs, using the relative importance of each measurement location with regard to fire emissions. These weighted averages were relatively similar to the arithmetic mean. When using relations between the environmental variables and EFs to extrapolate to regional and global scales, we found substantial differences, with for savannas 13% and 22% higher CO and CH 4 EFs than the arithmetic mean of the field studies, possibly linked to an underrepresentation of woodland fires in EF measurement locations. We argue that from a global modeling perspective, future measurement campaigns could be more beneficial if measurements are made over the full fire season, and if relations between ambient conditions and EFs receive more attention.

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Section: Available Ef Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variability in the ratio of trace gases emitted from biomass burning

Leeuwen¹,

Werf²

2011

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…Measurements made by Ward et al [1992Ward et al [ , 1996 in the regional haze generated by African savanna and Brazilian fires measured around 3% BC in smoldering fires and $15-20% in active flaming combustion with the exact aerosol makeup being highly dependent on the type of vegetation. However, we see that our measurements of BC in the burning season lie between these two fire regimes suggesting that the air sampled over the Darwin area contained a mix of fire plumes generated in both active and smoldering fires further inland as might be expected.…”

Section: Aerosol Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol and trace‐gas measurements in the Darwin area during the wet season

Allen¹,

Vaughan²,

Bower³

et al. 2008

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] The composition of the planetary boundary layer in regions of deep tropical convection has a profound impact on the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). The Aerosol and Chemical Transport in tropIcal conVEction (ACTIVE) aircraft campaign was conducted from November 2005 to February 2006 from Darwin, Australia, to characterize the influence of both monsoonal and localized land-based deep convection on the composition of the TTL. This paper summarizes the composition of the potential inflow to such convection in terms of aerosol particle size and composition, carbon monoxide, and ozone, as measured in the lowest 4 km of the atmosphere by the NERC Dornier-228 aircraft during 28 flights in different meteorological regimes over the course of ACTIVE. Six contrasting periods are identified in the boundary layer background as a result of the prevailing meteorology and sources of pollution. The campaign began with a relatively polluted and variable biomass burning season in November, followed by a transition to the monsoon season through December with much less burning. A clean maritime flow dominated the wet-active, and dry-inactive, monsoon period in January; it was followed by a monsoon break period in February, with a return to continental flow and a more premonsoon background state. Deep convective systems, capable of transporting boundary layer air to the TTL, were observed daily outside of the monsoon periods. The chemical composition of submicron aerosols in the premonsoon periods was dominated by a mix of fresh and aged organic material with significant black carbon, well-correlated with carbon monoxide indicating a common burning source, while marine aerosol during the monsoon changed markedly between the wet and dry phases. High concentrations of coarse-mode aerosols were also observed in the monsoon: the clean, marine air masses and high surface winds imply that sea salt may be the dominant aerosol type under these conditions. The climatology presented here will provide a valuable data set for model simulation of chemical and aerosol transport by deep convection in the Darwin region.Citation: Allen, G., et al. (2008), Aerosol and trace-gas measurements in the Darwin area during the wet season,

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“…Units were grams, nanograms or picograms (depending on the pollutant) per kilograms of consumed fuel (Andreae and Merlet, 2001). Andreae and Merlet (2001) reported that when EF is given relative to other fuel mass indicator, Finally, combustion efficiency (CE) was calculated as the ratio of released carbon in the form of CO 2 to the total mass of carbon released during combustion, according to Ward et al (1992).…”

Section: Emission Calculation and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaseous and particulate emission profiles during controlled rice straw burning

Sanchís

Ferrer

Calvet

et al. 2014

Atmospheric Environment

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Gaseous and particulate emission profiles during controlled rice straw burningSanchis, E 1 ., Ferrer, M 1 ., Calvet, S 1 ., Coscollà, C 2 ., Yusà, V 2 ., Cambra-López, M 1 . AbstractBurning of rice straw can emit considerable amounts of atmospheric pollutants. We evaluated the effect of rice straw moisture content (5%, 10% and 20%) on the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and on the organic and inorganic constituents of released particulate matter (PM): dioxins, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Four burning tests were conducted per moisture treatment using the open chamber method. Gaseous emission profiles of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen monoxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) were also measured. Additionally, combustion characteristics, including burning stages, durations, combustion efficiency, temperature, and relative humidity, were recorded. Burning tests showed flaming and smoldering stages were significantly longer in 20% moisture treatment (P<0.05) compared with the rest. The amount of burned straw and ashes decreased with increasing straw moisture content (P<0.001). Carbon dioxide was the main product obtained during combustion with emission values ranging from 692 g CO 2 kg dry straw -1 (10% moisture content) to 835 g CO 2 kg dry straw -1 (20% moisture content). Emission factors for PM were the highest in 20% moisture treatment (P<0.005). Fine PM (PM2.5) accounted to more than 60% of total PM mass. Emission factors for dioxins increased with straw moisture content, being the highest in 20% moisture treatment, although showing a wide variability among burning tests (P>0.05). Emissions factors for heavy metals were low and similar among moisture treatments (P>0.05). Emission factors for individual PAHs were generally higher in 20% moisture treatment. Average SO 2 and NO emissions decreased with moisture content. In contrast, CO emissions increased with moisture content.Overall, emission factors of atmospheric pollutants measured in our study were higher in the 20% moisture content. This difference could be attributed to the incomplete combustion at higher levels *Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript: Quema_sin tablas ni figuras_cor.docx Click here to view linked References 2 of rice straw moisture content. According to our results, rice straw burning should be done after straw drying and under minimal moisture conditions to lower pollutant emission levels.

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Smoke and fire characteristics for cerrado and deforestation burns in Brazil: BASE‐B Experiment

Cited by 288 publications

References 39 publications

Spatial and temporal variability in the ratio of trace gases emitted from biomass burning

Spatial and temporal variability in the ratio of trace gases emitted from biomass burning

Aerosol and trace‐gas measurements in the Darwin area during the wet season

Gaseous and particulate emission profiles during controlled rice straw burning

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