Slot-Die Coated Triple-Halide Perovskites for Efficient and Scalable Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

Abstract

Wide bandgap halide perovskite materials show promising potential to pair with silicon bottom cells. To date, most efficient wide bandgap perovskites layers are fabricated by spin-coating, which is difficult to scale up. Here, we report on slot-die coating for an efficient, 1.68 eV wide bandgap triple-halide (3halide) perovskite absorber, (Cs 0.22 FA 0.78 )Pb(I 0.85 Br 0.15 ) 3 + 5 mol % MAPbCl 3 . A suitable solvent system is designed specifically for the slot-die coating technique. We demonstrate that our fabrication route is suitable for tandem solar cells without phase segregation. The slot-die coated wet halide perovskite is dried by a “nitrogen (N 2 )-knife” with high reproducibility and avoiding antisolvents. We explore varying annealing conditions and identify parameters allowing crystallization of the perovskite film into large grains reducing charge collection losses and enabling higher current density. At 150 °C, an optimized trade-off between crystallization and the PbI 2 aggregates on the film’s top surface is found. Thus, we improve the cell stability and performance of both single-junction cells and tandems. Combining the 3halide top cells with a 120 μm thin saw damage etched commercial Czochralski industrial wafer, a 2-terminal monolithic tandem solar cell with a PCE of 25.2% on a 1 cm 2 active area is demonstrated with fully scalable processes.

Evaporated Self‐Assembled Monolayer Hole Transport Layers: Lossless Interfaces in p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells

“…[55,56] For the reference stack, we measure an average PLQY of ≈1.26% corresponding to an implied V OC of 1.253 V, comparable to previously reported values for similar perovskite composition. [44,57] In line with the measured V OC statistics, the PLQY and implied V OC in case of evaporated 2PACz are slightly enhanced to average values of ≈1.7% and 1.261 V, respectively (Figure 2a,b). To obtain the internal ideality factor (n id ), we perform intensity-dependent PLQY measurement for the corresponding half-stacks and apply a fit to the calculated implied V OC as reported in our previous work.…”

Numerical Simulation on Preparing Uniform and Stable Perovskite Wet Film in Slot-Die Coating Process

“…Compared with vacuum deposition technologies like multisource co-evaporation, the non-vacuum deposition technologies including spin-coating, slot-die coating, and blade coating have the advantages of low equipment cost, simple process, and low expected manufacturing cost. Among them, the slot-die coating has been proved to have high repeatability, good film quality, and other characteristics, which are particularly suitable for preparing a large-area polycrystalline perovskite film. − …”

Slot-die coated scalable hole transporting layers for efficient perovskite solar modules

“…With a series of optimizations, they obtained a 2-terminal monolithic tandem solar cell with a champion PCE of 25.2% (active area 1 cm 2 ), which shows the high potential for slot-die coating as a fabrication route for industrially relevant perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. 17…”

“…With a series of optimizations, they obtained a 2-terminal monolithic tandem solar cell with a champion PCE of 25.2% (active area 1 cm 2 ), which shows the high potential for slot-die coating as a fabrication route for industrially relevant perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. 17 Most of the PSC efficiency records were supported by the use of organic hole-transporting materials (HTMs), such as 2,2 ′ ,7,7 ′tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)9,9 ′ -spiro-biuorene (spiro-OMeTAD), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and polytriarylamine (PTAA). However, only a few studies demonstrated the compatibility of these materials with the large-scale solution fabrication process.…”