Skin Reactions

Abramson, Harold A.; Engel, Murray

doi:10.1001/archderm.1941.01500020045003

Cited by 31 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Physiological structures (appendages) in the stratum corneum associated with regions of high iontophoretic flux have been identified. 27,28 In contrast, direct evidence supporting paracellular transport, in which molecules are transported through the lipid bilayer region surrounding corneocytes, has been obtained by high-resolution transmission microscopy of skin tissues following iontophoretic transport of heavy metal cations. 29,30 Recently, Pechtold et al 31 found that during iontophoresis, ion and water transport through the skin is associated, at least in part, with the stratum corneum lipid lamellae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Penetration Enhancers and Iontophoresis on the Ultrastructure and Cholecystokinin-8 Permeability through Porcine Skin

Bhatia¹,

Gao²,

Freeman

et al. 1997

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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The present study explores the effect of chemical penetration enhancers and iontophoresis on the in vitro permeability of cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) through porcine epidermis and on the ultrastructural changes in stratum corneum as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Enhancer [i.e., ethanol (EtOH), and 10% oleic acid in combination with ethanol (OA/EtOH)] pretreatment significantly increased (p < 0.01) the permeability coefficient of CCK-8 in comparison with the control (pretreated epidermis without enhancer). Iontophoresis further increased the permeability of CCK-8 (p < 0.01) through the enhancer-pretreated epidermis in comparison with the control. These results showed the synergistic effect of iontophoresis and enhancers such as OA/EtOH that provides an additional driving force to maintain and control the target flux of CCK-8. The ultrastructure of stratum corneum treated with ethanol demonstrated a loss of structural components in the superficial stratum corneum cell layers. OA/EtOH transformed the highly compact cells of stratum corneum into a looser network of filaments, creating an increased free volume and greater intracellular surface area. Treatment of stratum corneum with OA/EtOH followed by iontophoresis resulted in further swelling of stratum corneum cell layers. In conclusion, OA/EtOH in combination with iontophoresis increased the permeability of CCK-8 by loosening and swelling of stratum corneum cell layers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Penetration Enhancers and Iontophoresis on the Ultrastructure and Cholecystokinin-8 Permeability through Porcine Skin

Bhatia¹,

Gao²,

Freeman

et al. 1997

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…Abramson employed in vivo dye staining techniques to show that iontophoresis occurs through discrete pores in the stratum corneum of human skin. 2 Burnette and Marrero repeated this experiment with nude mouse skin and obtained similar results. 3 Scott et al used counterdirectional staining techniques and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to show that iontophoretic transport occurred predominantly through discrete macropores (∼20 µm diameter) in hairless mouse skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Visualization of Iontophoretic Transport Paths in Cultured and Animal Skin Models

Lee¹,

White²,

Scott³

1996

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Physiological structures associated with iontophoretic paths in hairless mouse skin and two cultured skin models ("EpiDerm" by Mattek, Corp., and "SKIN2" by Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc.) are reported. Visualization of ionic paths at current densities between 20 and 100 microA/ cm2 is accomplished by the counterdirectional transport of Fe(CN)6(4-) and Fe3+, resulting in the controlled precipitation of colloidal Prussian blue, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, at sites of high ionic conductivity. Examination of the Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3-stained tissues using optical microscopy allows unequivocal assignment of iontophoretic paths to physiological structures in the stratum corneum. Deposition of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 occurs exclusively at hair follicles in hairless mouse skin, indicating that these appendages provide highly conductive porous paths during iontophoresis. In contrast, the counterdirectional transport of Fe(CN)6(4-) and Fe3+ across cultured skin models, which lack appendages, results in the deposition of Fe4-[Fe(CN)6]3 along the boundaries of corneocytes. This observation suggests that paracellular iontophoretic transport through lipid bilayer regions is the predominant transport path in the absence of low-resistance pores.

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“…Appendageal routes have been implicated in the passive permeation of charged compounds across the skin (13), albeit at very low flux. With current, on the other hand, the appendages assume much greater significance (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). The importance of the sweat glands in iontophoresis across human skin is well-known (14,15,17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With current, on the other hand, the appendages assume much greater significance (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). The importance of the sweat glands in iontophoresis across human skin is well-known (14,15,17). In HMS, which has no sweat glands, the follicles play a major role (18)(19)(20)(21), which is confirmed here for the lowest MW PLL (Figures 2a-c ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%