Skin ageing and its treatment

Abstract

The effects of chronic sun exposure on skin are readily apparent when skin not typically exposed to the sun and skin regularly exposed to the sun are compared. While the sun is not the only aetiological factor in the dynamic process of skin ageing, it is the primary exogenous cause among several internal and environmental elements. Thus, photo-ageing, the main focus of this article, is a subset of extrinsic skin ageing. The influence of the sun in extrinsic skin ageing, as well as its role in potentially altering the normal course of intrinsic (also known as natural or cellular) ageing, is discussed. Telomeres, the specialized structures found at the ends of chromosomes, are believed to be integral to cellular ageing as well as in the development of cancer. The ageing process, both intrinsic and extrinsic, is also believed to be influenced by the formation of free radicals, also known as reactive oxygen species. The loss of collagen is considered the characteristic histological finding in aged skin. Wrinkling and pigmentary changes are directly associated with photo-ageing and are considered its most salient cutaneous manifestations. Such photodamage represents the cutaneous signs of premature ageing. In addition, deleterious consequences of chronic sun exposure, specifically various forms of photo-induced skin cancer, are also linked to acute and chronic sun exposure. The only known strategies aimed at preventing photo-ageing include sun avoidance, using sunscreens to block or reduce skin exposure to UV radiation, using retinoids to inhibit collagenase synthesis and to promote collagen production, and using anti-oxidants, particularly in combination, to reduce and neutralize free radicals.

Introduction to skin aging

“…55 Less melanocytes is associated with melanin production, which means less protection against the harmful effects of UVR. 56 There are also changes to melanocyte function in the aging/graying hair follicle (see below). 57 Aged skin of most ethnicities show an increase in solar lentigo lesions (age spots), and these contribute more to perceived age than wrinkling for those of mongoloid Asian ethnicity.…”

“…Alterations in collagen play an integral role in the skin aging process. 56 Dermal collagen bundles are well-organized in young adults, where they are arranged to facilitate an extension that returns to resting state via interwoven elastic fibers. 44 In aging skin however, there is an increase in density of collagen bundles 67 but they lose their extensible configuration, instead becoming fragmented, disorganized, and less soluble.…”

Skin Nourishing Effects of Biofield Energy Healing Treatment Based Herbomineral Formulation

“…vitamin B 3 , C, and E), invasive measures (gene therapy and chemical peels) and several devices (laser energy, injectable, etc.) are used for skin health and rejuvenation [5,6]. Based on the retrieved scientific literature, the proprietary herbomineral formulation consists of essential minerals (zinc chloride, sodium selenate, and sodium molybdate), vitamin (L-ascorbic acid), tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), and herbal extract (Centella asiatica).…”

Anti-Aging Cosmetics Approaches and Components in Products

“…Bununla birlikte özellikle derinin önemli bileşenlerinden olan kollajen ve elastin yıkımının düzenlenmesi kırışıklıkların önlenmesinde oldukça önemlidir. Kırışıklıkların giderilmesindeki diğer bir yaklaşımda, retinoid ve güneş koruyucular ile kombine halde topikal ve sistemik antioksidanlar kullanarak enflamasyonun azaltılmasıdır 17 . Dermisin yapısal bileşenleri, cilde gerginliği veren kollajen, gerğinliği devam ettiren elastin, glikozaminoglikanlar ve sudur.…”