Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations

Hoffmann, Christoph; Weigert, Cora

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029793

Cited by 241 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 233 publications

(198 reference statements)

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“…Myokines are active substances that are synthesized in the skeletal muscle and regulate the function of tissues such as fat, liver, pancreas, bone, brain, and muscle using autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mechanisms [15]. Exercise can stimulate the secretion of myokines that protect functionality and enhance the exercise capacity of the skeletal muscle [40]. Myokines act as paracrine regulators of energy oxidation, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, inflammatory processes, and regulation of the extracellular matrix as well as regulate adaptive processes of the skeletal muscle [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exercise can stimulate the secretion of myokines that protect functionality and enhance the exercise capacity of the skeletal muscle [40]. Myokines act as paracrine regulators of energy oxidation, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, inflammatory processes, and regulation of the extracellular matrix as well as regulate adaptive processes of the skeletal muscle [40]. They also have reported endocrine functions in body weight regulation, low-grade inflammation, insulin sensitivity, suppression of tumor growth, and improvement of cognitive function [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Myokines in Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Roh

Cho

2020

IJERPH

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Purpose: Regular exercise can alleviate oxidative stress related to obesity and can induce secretion of myokines that are involved in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. There are no studies examining changes in these variables as a result of Taekwondo training intervention. We aimed to investigate the effect of Taekwondo training on oxidative stress and myokine levels in overweight and obese adolescents. Methods: We randomly assigned 20 overweight and obese adolescents to control (control group; CG, n = 10) and experimental (experimental group; EG, n = 10) groups. The EG performed Taekwondo training five times a week for 16 weeks. Physical parameters (height, weight, body mass index (BMI)), physical fitness (maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) (cardiorespiratory endurance), grip and leg strength (muscular strength), sit-and-reach (flexibility), Sargent jump (power), and stork stand test (balance)) were measured before and after intervention. We measured levels of serum oxidative stress markers (plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and myokines (serum interleukin-15 (IL-15), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, and myostatin). Results: The weight and BMI in the EG after intervention were significantly lower and leg strength (muscular strength), sit-and-reach (flexibility), and Sargent jump (power) were significantly improved compared to those of the CG (p < 0.05). There were no significant interaction effects in terms of height, VO 2 max, grip strength, or stork stand test (p > 0.05). The SOD and BDNF level after intervention were significantly higher in the EG after the intervention, whereas MDA and irisin levels were significantly lower than those of the CG (p < 0.05). There were no significant interaction effects in terms of serum IL-15 and myostatin levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Taekwondo training can reduce obesity and increase physical fitness with respect to muscular strength, flexibility, and power as well as alleviate oxidative stress and modulate myokine secretion in adolescents. pulmonary, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems, inducing comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and steatohepatitis [1]. Oxidative stress increased by obesity can exacerbate the severity of these diseases [5][6][7][8]. In particular, fat accumulation correlated with systemic oxidative stress, and increased fatty acids level increased oxidative stress through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activation [5,8]. Treatment with NADPH oxidase inhibitors decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in adipose tissue and attenuated dysregulation of adipocytokines, improved diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic steatosis [5].A bout of high intensity exercise induces excessive ROS production that is linked with lipid and peroxidation, having deleterious impact on cells and tissues [9]. However, regular exercise with proper intensity is an effective way to prevent and improve obesity by increasing the activatio...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Myokines in Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Roh

Cho

2020

IJERPH

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“…Skeletal muscle is able to communicate with other organs via secretory peptides, the so-called myokines [22][23][24][25][26]. The muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides, which provides a conceptual basis for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs.…”

Section: Anti-inflammatory Effects Of Acute Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Anti‐inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Pedersen

2017

Eur J Clin Investigation

471

360

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“…Recent analyses of muscle secretomes revealed that aerobic exercise or strength training trigger the secretion of numerous myokines [11]. Importantly, it is worth noting that the production of "positive" myokines is as much promoted by physical exercise as it is repressed by physical inactivity, highlighting the importance of lifestyle for healthspan [112]. More precisely, during exercise skeletal muscle tightly interacts with adipose tissue, pancreas, and liver to sustain the energy demands of physical activity and mediate positive effects in wholebody energy metabolism.…”

Section: Inter-organ Communication During Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health

2019

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Multidirectional interactions between metabolic organs in the periphery and the central nervous system have evolved concomitantly with multicellular organisms to maintain whole‐body energy homeostasis and ensure the organism's adaptation to external cues. These interactions are altered in pathological conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Bioactive peptides and proteins, such as hormones and cytokines, produced by both peripheral organs and the central nervous system, are key messengers in this inter‐organ communication. Despite the early discovery of the first hormones more than 100 years ago, recent studies taking advantage of novel technologies have shed light on the multiple ways used by cells in the body to communicate and maintain energy balance. This review briefly summarizes well‐established concepts and focuses on recent advances describing how specific proteins and peptides mediate the crosstalk between gut, brain, and other peripheral metabolic organs in order to maintain energy homeostasis. Additionally, this review outlines how the improved knowledge about these inter‐organ networks is helping us to redefine therapeutic strategies in an effort to promote healthy living and fight metabolic disorders and other diseases.

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Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations

Cited by 241 publications

References 233 publications

Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Myokines in Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Myokines in Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Anti‐inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health

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