Size and Shape of Ocular Images

Accommodation, convergence, and apparent distance.

“…Our findings would seem to indicate that these two factors are complexly interrelated. The fact that in normal vision we 2 Strictly speaking, of course, all other things were not constant. The indications of apparent distance, in this case the size of the retinal images, changed as did the total radiant energy falling on the retinas.…”

“…We cannot emphasize too strongly, therefore, that for our observers the muscular efforts of accommodation and convergence were related to a subjective change of apparent distance with all other things remaining constant. 2 However, it is important to add that this statement is based on the results of an exploratory study. Our findings need to be duplicated under carefully controlled conditions involving several different distance indications, both singly and in combinations.…”

“…A detailed account and description of an instrument similar to the one used can be found in Ames and Gliddon (1). A photograph of the specific instrument used in this experiment, together with further information concerning it, appears in Ames, Gliddon, and Ogle (2). In view of these detailed references, only a brief description of this apparatus is considered necessary at this point.…”

Accommodation, convergence, and apparent distance.

“…Our findings would seem to indicate that these two factors are complexly interrelated. The fact that in normal vision we 2 Strictly speaking, of course, all other things were not constant. The indications of apparent distance, in this case the size of the retinal images, changed as did the total radiant energy falling on the retinas.…”

“…We cannot emphasize too strongly, therefore, that for our observers the muscular efforts of accommodation and convergence were related to a subjective change of apparent distance with all other things remaining constant. 2 However, it is important to add that this statement is based on the results of an exploratory study. Our findings need to be duplicated under carefully controlled conditions involving several different distance indications, both singly and in combinations.…”

“…A detailed account and description of an instrument similar to the one used can be found in Ames and Gliddon (1). A photograph of the specific instrument used in this experiment, together with further information concerning it, appears in Ames, Gliddon, and Ogle (2). In view of these detailed references, only a brief description of this apparatus is considered necessary at this point.…”

Aniseikonic glasses.

“…Later, instruments called Ophthalmo-Eikonometers (2,5) were built, which measured with considerable exactitude the linear differences in the size and shape of the uniocular stimulus patterns. By means of these instruments, inherent ocular defects similar to abnormal stimulus relations artificially introduced with size lenses could be determined, and it was possible by the correction of same to give relief to many patients.…”

Learning as a psychosomatic problem: Round Table, 1946.

“…When there is a great difference in the refractive error and the corrective glasses which should be worn for each eye, patients sometimes experience great difficulty in using the eyes together and may even neglect the image of one eye. Many of these patients are benefited by prescribing iseikonic lenses developed through the work of Ames and his associates (2). I t is sometimes necessary to introduce a prism in the glasses because the prismatic effect is one of the greatest difficulties caused by the lenses that must be worn.…”

Accommodation, convergence, and apparent distance.

“…Our findings would seem to indicate that these two factors are complexly interrelated. The fact that in normal vision we 2 Strictly speaking, of course, all other things were not constant. The indications of apparent distance, in this case the size of the retinal images, changed as did the total radiant energy falling on the retinas.…”

“…We cannot emphasize too strongly, therefore, that for our observers the muscular efforts of accommodation and convergence were related to a subjective change of apparent distance with all other things remaining constant. 2 However, it is important to add that this statement is based on the results of an exploratory study. Our findings need to be duplicated under carefully controlled conditions involving several different distance indications, both singly and in combinations.…”

“…A detailed account and description of an instrument similar to the one used can be found in Ames and Gliddon (1). A photograph of the specific instrument used in this experiment, together with further information concerning it, appears in Ames, Gliddon, and Ogle (2). In view of these detailed references, only a brief description of this apparatus is considered necessary at this point.…”

Aniseikonic glasses.

“…Later, instruments called Ophthalmo-Eikonometers (2,5) were built, which measured with considerable exactitude the linear differences in the size and shape of the uniocular stimulus patterns. By means of these instruments, inherent ocular defects similar to abnormal stimulus relations artificially introduced with size lenses could be determined, and it was possible by the correction of same to give relief to many patients.…”

Learning as a psychosomatic problem: Round Table, 1946.

“…When there is a great difference in the refractive error and the corrective glasses which should be worn for each eye, patients sometimes experience great difficulty in using the eyes together and may even neglect the image of one eye. Many of these patients are benefited by prescribing iseikonic lenses developed through the work of Ames and his associates (2). I t is sometimes necessary to introduce a prism in the glasses because the prismatic effect is one of the greatest difficulties caused by the lenses that must be worn.…”

Accommodation, convergence, and apparent distance.

“…Our findings would seem to indicate that these two factors are complexly interrelated. The fact that in normal vision we 2 Strictly speaking, of course, all other things were not constant. The indications of apparent distance, in this case the size of the retinal images, changed as did the total radiant energy falling on the retinas.…”

“…We cannot emphasize too strongly, therefore, that for our observers the muscular efforts of accommodation and convergence were related to a subjective change of apparent distance with all other things remaining constant. 2 However, it is important to add that this statement is based on the results of an exploratory study. Our findings need to be duplicated under carefully controlled conditions involving several different distance indications, both singly and in combinations.…”

“…A detailed account and description of an instrument similar to the one used can be found in Ames and Gliddon (1). A photograph of the specific instrument used in this experiment, together with further information concerning it, appears in Ames, Gliddon, and Ogle (2). In view of these detailed references, only a brief description of this apparatus is considered necessary at this point.…”

Aniseikonic glasses.

“…Later, instruments called Ophthalmo-Eikonometers (2,5) were built, which measured with considerable exactitude the linear differences in the size and shape of the uniocular stimulus patterns. By means of these instruments, inherent ocular defects similar to abnormal stimulus relations artificially introduced with size lenses could be determined, and it was possible by the correction of same to give relief to many patients.…”

Learning as a psychosomatic problem: Round Table, 1946.

“…When there is a great difference in the refractive error and the corrective glasses which should be worn for each eye, patients sometimes experience great difficulty in using the eyes together and may even neglect the image of one eye. Many of these patients are benefited by prescribing iseikonic lenses developed through the work of Ames and his associates (2). I t is sometimes necessary to introduce a prism in the glasses because the prismatic effect is one of the greatest difficulties caused by the lenses that must be worn.…”