Size and composition of inorganic colloids in a peri-alpine, glacial flour-rich lake

Coagulation-Flocculation Process in Landfill Leachate Treatment: Focus on Coagulants and Coagulants Aid

“…For landfill leachate particularly, several researchers had asserted similar conclusions [8,9]. Heavy metals are bound to colloids by adsorption, precipitation (and surface precipitation) and ion exchange [11]. Owing to the great affinity of colloids for heavy metals, around 70 to 90% of metals in landfill leachate are in colloidal or organic complexes (Baun & Christensen, 2004).…”

“…They accelerate clarification, strengthen the flocs, improve sludge settleability, reduce coagulant dosage and treatment cost, provide a wider effective pH range and elevate contaminant removal efficiency [14]. Shammas [11] had postulated that there are four types of typical coagulant aids i.e. alkalinity additives, pH adjusters, particulate additives and polymers.…”

“…Its superiority over other Al species especially Al 3+ (key Al species from alum and AlCl 3 hydrolysis) is supported by the fact that it has the greatest charge neutralisation ability, higher structural stability and nanosized molecular diameter. However, this theory is now challenged by the discovery of } and its characterisation in recent years [4,9,11,12]. Its preponderance over Al 13 has been postulated since it is bigger (1 nm diameter and 2 nm length) more positively charged, more thermal resistant and stable in hydrolysis process especially at low pH.…”

Quantifying ‘humics’ in freshwaters: purpose and methods

“…a lake) because of the lack of adequate measuring techniques. Studies in which mineral colloids are measured at the same time as the different types of NOM -thus allowing the applicability of this conceptual model to be tested -are even scarcer.A recent example can be found in a study performed within the framework of an extensive research project devoted to the causes and consequences of the current ultraoligotrophic status of a glacial-flour-rich lake (Lake Brienz, Switzerland) [36][37][38]. Slightly higher coagulation rates (inorganic colloids measured using a single particle counter technique) were recorded in March and April during the spring algal bloom, which suggested that colloid coagulation could be enhanced by the presence of carbohydrates, even in such a low productive system.…”

Analysis and Characterization of Manufactured Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environments

“…These studies are generally performed on aquatic colloids with a lower size that extends well into the nanoscale size range ( < 100 nm). Examples include rather general descriptions of aquatic colloids from various environments (Leppard, 1992 ;Webb et al , 2000 ;Mondi et al , 2002 ;Lienemann et al , 1997 ;Chanudet and Filella, 2008 ) as well as detailed investigations on colloids such as iron colloids (Perret et al , 2000 ;Leppard et al , 1989 ;Lienemann et al , 1999 ;He et al , 1996 ;Tipping et al , 1981Tipping et al , , 1982Fortin et al , 1993 ) or marine snow .…”