Sinking characteristics of dinoflagellate cysts1

Anderson, Donald M.; Lively, John J.; Reardon, Ellen M.; Price, Colin

doi:10.4319/lo.1985.30.5.1000

Cited by 112 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…may restrict them to shallow lakes and ponds or to benthic or littoral habitats. Even though the lorica densities reported in this study are high they are not unusual in structures and products produced by planktonic organisms -dinoflagellate cysts and copepod fecal pellets have densities comparable to the KerateZZa lorica (Komar et al 198 1;Anderson et al 1985).…”

Section: General Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive costs and hydrodynamic benefits of chemically induced defenses in Keratella testudo

Stemberger

1988

Limnology & Oceanography

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Food concentration differentially affected reproductive rates and hydrodynamic characteristics of spincd and unspined phenotypes of the polymorphic rotifer Kerutella testudo. The intrinsic rate of population growth (0.15 d-I) of the predator-induced phenotype was less than half that of the unspined morph (0.39 d I) at high food concentrations.The spined phenotype had considerably lower survivorship and fecundity than the unspined one after the first 3-4 d of life. At low food concentrations population growth rates were not statistically different; their age-specific survivorship and fecundity schedules were nearly identical.Sinking rates and swimming speeds of both morphs were significantly and negatively correlated (r = -0.96). Attached eggs increased sinking rates regardless of food level. Changes in sinking rate occurred within 6 h of transferring animals acclimated to high food to conditions of starvation. Food concentration greatly influenced the center ofgravity ofthe morphs and, consequently, affected orientation during sinking. They sank posterior-end downward in high food conditions and in a more horizontal plane in low food treatments. The latter position should give maximal resistance to sinking, consistent with the slower sinking rates in low food conditions. The specific gravity of both phenotypes increased in high food concentrationsthe spined morph being consistently higher than the unspined one at both food levels. Lorica densities of both phenotypes were > 1.3 g cm-3 suggesting that this structure may contribute significantly to body mass and may be energetically costly to produce or maintain. The coefficient of form resistance (the ratio of the sinking rate of the rotifer to the sinking rate of a sphere having an equivalent volume and specific gravity) was -27% higher in the spined phenotype than in the unspined one in low food treatments. Greater form resistance may provide an energetic benefit which offsets the costs associated with the spined phenotype.

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Section: General Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive costs and hydrodynamic benefits of chemically induced defenses in Keratella testudo

Stemberger

1988

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Based on sediment-trap data in Onagawa Bay (Ishikawa & Taniguchi 1996), mass encystments of Scrippsiella trochoidea were found to occur in September and October when the bloom of the vegetative population was declining through depletion of cellular nutrient reserves. Encystment can be induced and enhanced by the depletion of nitrogen or phosphate or by the addition of sodium bicarbonate, respectively (Watanabe et al 1982 , Anderson & Lively 1985).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal relationships between cyst germination and vegetative population of Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae)

Kim¹,

Han²

2000

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The seasonal occurrence of vegetative cells and cysts of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea in the water column was investigated in Yongil Bay (southeastern coast of Korea). To measure germination ratios of cysts, cysts were isolated monthly from natural sediment samples and incubated in the laboratory. Vegetative cell numbers peaked in June to July, when the surface water temperature increased to over 18°C. Mass encystments were detected in the water column in August 1996 and July 1997, when the vegetative population flourished. Active germination was observed during the period of decreasing water temperature in September and October, when the vegetative population declined. Thus, there was an opposing pattern of seasonality in the potential germination of cysts and the proliferation of vegetative cells, whereby decreases in one paralleled increases in the other. The dormant period of cysts was ca 60 d, far longer than reported previously. Germination ratios increased in October 1996 and September 1997 after a 2 mo dormancy period following the mass encystments. Germination appears to be flexible with respect with length of dormancy and the age composition of cysts, both of which are based on the time and the scale of encystments as well as on conditions in the benthic environment.

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“…These suggestions seem to be confirmed by culture experiments carried out on oceanic species by Janofske and Karwath (2000) who showed that the obtained cysts were not hypnozygotes or resting cysts, being unconnected to a sexual phase. The estimated cyst sinking time (Anderson et al, 1985) should allow an oceanic specimen to encyst, fall to an optimal nutritionally richer water layer, and then excyst completing its life cycle in a few tens of meters. This would explain the high abundance of empty shells in the deep sea sediments as a by-product of dinoflagellates living in the upper waters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting stage in the biogenic fraction of surface sediments from the deep Mediterranean Sea

Tommasa¹,

Danovaro²,

Belmonte³

et al. 2004

Sci. Mar.

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SUMMARY:The presence of resting stages in neritic areas is well known, while their occurrence in the deep sea realm has seldom been considered. Recent investigations showed strict interactions between neritic and deep sea domains, due to upand down-welling phenomena driven by submarine canyons. To estimate the presence of resting stages in deep bottom sediments, seven sediment cores, collected along a trans-Mediterranean transect by means a multi-corer during the TRANSMED survey (1999), were studied. Most biogenic sediment was composed of Foraminifera tests (tens of thousand tests cm -3 ), Calciodinellum albatrosianum and Leonella granifera (Dinophyta) cysts (up to thousands cysts cm -3 ). Eleven dinocyst morphotypes were recorded mainly as empty shells (seven calcareous-walled: C. albatrosianum, Calciperidinium asymmetricum, Leonella granifera, Scrippsiella trochoidea, S. precaria type 1, S. precaria type 2, S. regalis; four organicwalled: Impagidinium aculeatum, unid. dinocyst 1, unid. dinocyst 2 and unid. dinocyst 3), while no metazoan resting eggs were observed. The presence of viable resting stages in deep bottom surface sediments was much lower than in neritic areas, suggesting that oceanic species do not produce cysts for a "benthic resting" strategy. Further taxonomic and biogeographic studies are needed to better understand the ecological dynamics of oceanic plankton in the Mediterranean Sea.Key words: resting stages, deep sea, Mediterranean, biogenic sediments, cyst morphology. RESUMEN: ABUNDANCIA DE ESTADIOS QUIESCENTES EN LA FRACCIÓN BIOGÉNICA DE SEDIMENTOS SUPERFICIALES DEL MAR MEDITERRÁNEO PROFUNDO. -La presencia de estadios quiescentes en áreas neríticas es bien conocida, pero su presencia en fondos profundos raramente se considera. Investigaciones recientes han demostrado interacciones estrictas entre los ámbi-tos nerítico y profundo, debido a fenómenos de afloramiento y hundimiento mediados por los cañones submarinos. Para estimar la presencia de estadios quiescentes en sedimentos profundos se estudiaron siete testigos de sedimento, obtenidos durante el proyecto TRANSMED a lo largo de un transecto transmediterráneo. utilizando un tomatestigos múltiple. La mayor parte de sedimento biogénico estaba compuesto por caparazones de foraminíferos (decenas de miles de caparazones cm -3 ), cistes de Calciodinellum albatrosianum y Leonella granifera (Dinófitos; hasta miles de cistes cm -3 ). Se registraron once morfotipos de dinocistes principalmente como caparazones vacíos (siete con paredes calcáreas: C. albatrosianum, Calciperidinium asymmetricum, Leonella granifera, Scrippsiella trochoidea, S. precaria tipo 1, S. precaria tipo 2, S. regalis; cuatro con paredes orgánicas: Impagidinium aculeatum, dinociste no identificado 1, dinociste no id. 2 y dinociste no id. 3), mientras que no se observaron huevos de reposo de metazoos. La presencia de estadios quiescentes viables en sedimentos superficiales profundos fue mucho menor que en áreas neríticas, lo que sugiere que las especies oceánicas no producen ciste...

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Sinking characteristics of dinoflagellate cysts1

Cited by 112 publications

References 21 publications

Reproductive costs and hydrodynamic benefits of chemically induced defenses in Keratella testudo

Reproductive costs and hydrodynamic benefits of chemically induced defenses in Keratella testudo

Seasonal relationships between cyst germination and vegetative population of Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae)

Resting stage in the biogenic fraction of surface sediments from the deep Mediterranean Sea

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