Simultaneous occurrence of Kaposi's sarcoma and Cryptococcus within a cutaneous lesion in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Coexistent Kaposi sarcoma, cryptococcosis, and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare in a solitary cutaneous nodule in a patient with AIDS: Report of a case and literature review

“…35 Subsequent development of KS may be stimulated by the release of inflammatory cytokines and oncotactic signals. 7 This concept is supported by the findings of KS lesions in a dermatome previously affected by herpes zoster. 36 Another mechanism may first begin with the development of a KS lesion.…”

“…The laboratory data of our patient and available demographics of the patients from our literature review are summarized in Tables I and II, respectively. Coexistent infectious agents that have been identified in the same lesions with KS include C neoformans, 5,7,9,10 yeast forms consistent with C albicans, 11 M avium intracellulare, [2][3][4]6 Histoplasma capsulatum, 8 M gordonae, 2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 4 In general, the lesions are described as violaceous/purple macules, papules, and nodules.…”

“…The coexistence of KS and other opportunistic infectious agents including Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium gordonae, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Candida albicans in a single mucocutaneous lesion in patients with AIDS has been reported. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Herein we describe the first report, to our knowledge, of coexistent KS, C neoformans, and M avium intracellulare in a single cutaneous lesion in a patient with AIDS. Furthermore, we review the literature of all previously reported cases describing mucocutaneous KS with coexistent infections in patients with AIDS.…”

Cutaneous Colesional Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Associated Kaposi Sarcoma and Cryptococcosis

“…1,3 Although cryptococcosis may coexist with other comorbid illnesses, including KS in different organs in a single patient, it may also mimic KS and very rarely, C. neoformans may be identified within KS. [5][6][7][14][15][16] To date, although antemortem colesional KS and cryptococcosis has been reported in 4 patients, cutaneous localization has been documented in 3. [5][6][7]16 Although the cooccurrence may be coincidental and a function of the systemic nature of both AIDS-defining infections, the coexistence remains exceptional.…”

“…2,3 Although Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and extrapulmonary cryptococcosis are AIDS-defining diseases, 4 their colesional cutaneous occurrence is a rarely documented finding, being confined to 3 case reports to date. [5][6][7] In reporting 4 patients with colesional cutaneous AIDSassociated KS (AIDS-KS) and cryptococcosis, we highlight the pivotal role of the skin biopsy in the identification of eminently treatable AIDS-defining cutaneous diseases that may be the sentinel clue to systemic HIV/AIDS-associated diseases. In addition, the pathogenesis of colesional KS and cryptococcosis is revisited and expanded to include immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) as an additional, hitherto undocumented, putative pathomechanism.…”