Simultaneous effect of sex and dose on efficacy of clove oil, tricaine methanesulfonate, 2-phenoxyethanol and propofol as anaesthetics in guppies,Poecilia reticulata(Peters)

Abstract

We studied the simultaneous effect of sex and dose on anaesthesia efficacy to estimate, if possible, the lowest effective dose (LED) for clove oil, tricaine methanesulphonate (MS-222), 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) and propofol in mature guppies. LED is the lowest dose needed to reach A5 stage in a mean time of 3 min, with mean recovery (R5) time of 5 min. We used four doses/anaesthetic: 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L for clove oil; 120,140,160 and 180 mg/L for MS-222; 800, 1,000, 1,200 and 1,400 mg/L for 2-PE, and 7.50, 8.25, 10.00 and 11.25 mg/L for propofol. Each dose was tested on 10 females and 10 males. Morbidity, mortality and behavioural changes were checked on two control groups (10 males and 10 females/group). Sedation (A3), A5 and R5 times were recorded. Significant interactive effect dose*sex on A5 time was found for each anaesthetic agent (p dose*sex < .05). Except for MS-222 (p dose*sex = .284), significant interactive effect dose * sex on R5 time was found (p dose*sex < .05). A5 time in females tended to be greater than in males, but, in general, R5 times were longer in males. Body size differences between males and females could explain these differences in MS-222 on A5 time and for clove oil, 2-PE and propofol on R5 time. No dose simultaneous meet LED 0 s conditions relating to both A5 and R5 times; therefore the lowest doses inducing A5 in a mean time of 3 min could be a safe guideline for anaesthetic procedure in both male and females.

ANESTHETIC EFFICACY OF CLOVE OIL AND 2-PHENOXYETHANOL ON DOCTOR FISH, <i>Garra rufa</i> (HECKEL, 1843)

“…The major synthetic anesthetics used in aquaculture are 2-phenoxyethanol (Priborsky and Velisek, 2018), tricaine methanesulphonate (MS-222) and metomidate (Weber et al, 2009), benzocaine (Gökçek et al, 2016), etomidate (Rożyński et al, 2018), propofol and quinaldine sulphate (Priborsky and Velisek, 2018), and ketamine hydrochloride (Adel et al, 2016). Some plant originated essential oils such as basil and lemongrass (Limma-Netto et al, 2016), camphor (Pedrazzani and Neto, 2016), spearmint and lavender (Metin et al, 2015), Myrcia sylvatica and Curcuma longa (Saccol et al, 2017), Aloysia triphylla (Batista et al, 2018), Lippia alba (Souza et al, 2018) rosewood (Kizak et al, 2018), geranium (Can et al, 2018), and clove (Javahery et al, 2012;Cunha et al, 2015;Fujimoto et al, 2018;Mitjana et al, 2018) have recently been studied as potential anesthetic agents in aquaculture.…”

“…Clove oil as most popular plant originated essential oil as an anesthetic agent is obtained by the distillation of the leaves, stems, and flowers of Eugenia aromatica or Eugenia caryophylata trees and its active ingredient is eugenol at concentrations of approximately 70-90% by volume (Mylonas et al, 2005;Ross and Ross, 2008;Javahery et al, 2012;Mitjana et al, 2014). Another most widely used anesthetic in aquaculture is 2-phenoxyethanol, which is an aromatic liquid and colorless, and reasonably water-soluble chemical (Hekimoğlu et al, 2017;Mitjana et al, 2018). Clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol are increasingly used in aquaculture operations due to its low cost, availability, efficacy and easy preparation features in most fish species (Ghanawi et al, 2013;Santos et al, 2015;Adel et al, 2016;Mitjana et al, 2018).…”

“…Another most widely used anesthetic in aquaculture is 2-phenoxyethanol, which is an aromatic liquid and colorless, and reasonably water-soluble chemical (Hekimoğlu et al, 2017;Mitjana et al, 2018). Clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol are increasingly used in aquaculture operations due to its low cost, availability, efficacy and easy preparation features in most fish species (Ghanawi et al, 2013;Santos et al, 2015;Adel et al, 2016;Mitjana et al, 2018). Clove oil, also used as a natural anesthetic drug, does not require any withdrawal period in contrast to some anesthetics like MS-222, and it also has been shown to be safe for humans (Javahery et al, 2012).…”

“…Clove oil, also used as a natural anesthetic drug, does not require any withdrawal period in contrast to some anesthetics like MS-222, and it also has been shown to be safe for humans (Javahery et al, 2012). These two anesthetic agents have been evaluated in various fish species such as Sparus aurata and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Tort et al, 2002), Dicentrarchus labrax and S. aurata (Mylonas et al, 2005), Solea senegalensis (Weber et al, 2009), Pterophyllum scalare (Mitjana et al, 2014), Argyrosomus regius (Cárdenas et al, 2016), Acipenser persicus (Adel et al, 2016), Silurus glanis (Gökçek et al, 2016), Amphiprion ocellaris and Xiphophorus helleri (Hekimoğlu et al, 2017), Poecilia reticulata (Mitjana et al, 2018).…”

“…The effective concentrations of anesthetics are depending on the fish species and anesthetic agent (Zahl et al, 2009;Skår et al, 2017). Temperature, pH, age, size, sex, and interactions among these factors also affect the efficacy of anesthetics in fish (Ross and Ross, 2008;Zahl et al, 2009;Mitjana et al, 2018). It is known that the responses of fish to anesthetics can considerably vary between different water temperatures (Akbulut et al, 2012;Santos et al, 2015;Skår et al, 2017).…”