“…Options based on von Mises theory (e.g., effective stress, effective strain, effective plastic strain) are well suited for isotropic materials like metals (e.g., steel, copper, iron) (e.g., Kurtaran et al [9], Fawaz et al [10]). For anisotropic materials (e.g., concrete, orthotropic material), parameters such as principal stress and principal strain have been employed (e.g., Schwer [11], Teng et al [12], Islam et al [13]).…”