Silver nanoparticles grafted onto tannic acid-modified halloysite clay eliminated multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of intestinal infection

Genomic and phenotypic profiling of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis for antibiotic resistance and intestinal infectivity

“…The C. elegans CF512 worms were age-synchronized with an alkaline bleach solution to the first larval stage (L1) and further attained the fourth larval (L4) stage with lawns of E. coli OP50 on solid nematode growth medium (NGM) for 48 h at 21 °C [ 60 ]. These worms were washed with M9 buffer and transferred to NGM plates with lawns of 1.5 × 10 8 cells of S. aureus isolates to establish infection.…”

Bovine Mastitis: Examining Factors Contributing to Treatment Failure and Prospects of Nano-enabled Antibacterial Combination Therapy

“…157 The mechanism of action of antibiotics-adjuvant combinations involves common or complementary interactions, including sequential inhibition of the same biochemical pathway, inhibition of bacterial antimicrobial-modifying enzymes, etc. 17 Phytochemicals such as tannic acid interfere with bacterial cellular metabolism and inhibit or delay virulence and adaptive resistance mechanisms. It has shown synergism with silver nanoparticles, cefotaxime, and rifampicin against a range of Salmonella spp.…”

“…and S. aureus isolates. 17,158,159 Essential oils such as cinnamon, peppermint, and oregano that act by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane have shown synergism in combination with antibiotics such as sulfamethoxazole, piperacillin, and chloramphenicol, respectively, against E. coli, Salmonella spp., and S. aureus isolates. 160,161 Efflux pump inhibitors, such as chlorpromazine, inhibit the Na/K and affect the proton pumps in the respiratory chain reducing ATP generation, and leading to superior performance of tetracycline against MDR Salmonella spp.…”

“…These issues could be resolved by introducing nanotechnology-enabled approaches. 17,18,83 Nano-enabled Antibacterial Combination Therapy (NeACT) is defined as the therapeutic strategy aimed at harnessing the power of a nanodelivery platform to deliver more than one drug molecule with complementary function for effective antibacterial treatment.…”

“…However, achieving an effective concentration of therapeutics at the site of infection has been a major stumbling point in the successful curing of bovine mastitis because of the challenges associated with specific tissue environments. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have provided unprecedented benefits in diagnosing and treating multifactorial infectious diseases. − However, effective nano-enabled strategies for mastitis treatment are still an untapped area of research and application. This review examines the host and pathogen-related factors leading to mastitis, current disease management strategies, and their limitations, and ultimately proposes unique benefits of nano-enabled antibacterial combination therapy to combat bovine mastitis.…”