Silicon Supplementation Alleviates Adverse Effects of Ammonium on Ssamchoo Grown in Home Cultivation System

Abstract

Ssamchoo is recently attracting attention as a household hydroponic vegetable in Korea. It has a refreshing texture and a rich content of vitamins and fiber. Ssamchoo with a wide leaf area is suitable for traditional ssam or vegetable wraps, as well as a vegetable for salads; thus, it can be used in a variety of dishes. However, Ssamchoo plants responds sensitively to the nutrient solution, and it is often difficult to secure sufficient leaf area and robust growth using a commercial nutrient solution for leafy vegetables. This study consisted of three experiments conducted to develop the nutrient solution for Ssamchoo grown in a newly developed home hydroponic cultivation system using light-emitting diodes as the sole source of light. In the first experiment, growth and development of Ssamchoo in a representative commercial nutrient solution, Peters Professional (20-20-20, The Scotts Co., Marysville, OH, USA), was compared with laboratory-prepared nutrient solutions, GNU1 and GNU2. As a result, the Ssamchoo grown in Peters Professional had a high NH4+ content in the tissue, leaf yellowing, darkened root color, and suppressed root hair development. In addition, adverse effects of ammonium such as low fresh weight and shorter shoot length were observed. In the second experiment, Peters Professional was excluded, and the ratio of NO3− to NH4+ in the GNU1 and GNU2 nutrient solutions was set to four levels each (100:0, 83.3:16.7, 66.7:33.3, and 50:50). As a result, the fresh weights of 83.3:16.7 and 66.7:33.3 were the greatest, and the leaf color was a healthy green. However, at 100:0 and 50:50 NO3−/NH4+ ratios, the fresh weight was low, and leaf yellowing, tip burn, and leaf burn appeared. The nutrient solution with a 83.3:16.7 NO3−- to-NH4+ ratio, which gave the greatest fresh weight in the second experiment, was chosen as the control, while the solution with a 50:50 NO3−/NH4+ ratio with a lower nitrate content among the two unfavorable treatments was selected as a treatment group for the next experiment. In the third experiment, NH4+ was partially replaced with urea to make four different ratios of NO3− to NH4+ to urea (83:17:0, 50:50:0, 50:25:25, and 50:0:50) in combination with two levels of Si (0 and 10.7 mmol·L−1 Si). The greatest fresh weight was obtained in the treatment in which the NO3−/NH4+/urea ratio was 50:25:25. In particular, when Si was added to the solution, there was no decrease in the number of leaves, and plants with the greatest fresh weight, chlorophyll content, and leaf area were obtained. The number of leaves and leaf area are important indicators of high productivity since the Ssamchoo is used in ssam dishes. It can be concluded that a solution with a NO3−/NH4+/urea ratio of 50:25:25 and supplemented with 10.7 mmol·L−1 Si is the most suitable nutrient solution for growing Ssamchoo in the home hydroponic system developed.

Ammonium Phytotoxicity and Tolerance: An Insight into Ammonium Nutrition to Improve Crop Productivity

“…Increased shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll content, leaf area, vitamin C, and antioxidant enzyme activities [108] 10. Conclusions and Future Perspectives Ammonium assimilation into plant metabolites requires limited energy than nitrate assimilation, as it is already in reduced form.…”

Home food gardening in modern cities: advances, issues, and future perspectives

“…Ssamchoo) is a vegetable commonly used in Ssam, a Korean specialty food. However, cultivating Ssamchoo hydroponically poses challenges due to its sensitivity to the composition and concentration of the nutrient solution (Noh and Jeong, 2022). A research reported that nutrient solution (the ratio of NO 3 − to NH 4 + to urea is 50: 25: 25) combined with silicon (10.7 mmol L −1 ) is suitable for planting Ssamchoo in a household hydroponic system.…”

“…A research reported that nutrient solution (the ratio of NO 3 − to NH 4 + to urea is 50: 25: 25) combined with silicon (10.7 mmol L −1 ) is suitable for planting Ssamchoo in a household hydroponic system. This optimized nutrient solution not only allows for achieving the highest yield but also effectively mitigates the harmful effects of ammonium on Ssamchoo (Noh and Jeong, 2022).…”