Silicon nanowires coated with copper layer as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Chen, Huixin; Xiao, Ying; Wang, Lin; Yang, Yong

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.12.075

Cited by 195 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Of primordial importance is the ability to control the growth of thin conformal metal layers on high-aspect ratio silicon nanowires. While physical vapor deposition methods are suitable for morphology and thickness control (29,30), complex morphologies cannot be coated conformally due to the directionality of these methods. Chemical methods are more suitable.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This configuration is expected to provide better electrochemical stability and cycling rate performance to the LIPOSIL composite. The metallic nature of the Cu shell increases the electrical conductivity of the nanowires and improves the charge collection efficiency (34)(35)(36). At the same time, the porosity of the shell structure allows fast Li þ diffusion towards the surface of Si and helps maintaining structural integrity of the nanowires due to the ductile nature of copper.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Roll up nanowire battery from silicon chips

Vlad

Reddy

Ajayan

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

123

106

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Here we report an approach to roll out Li-ion battery components from silicon chips by a continuous and repeatable etch-infiltratepeel cycle. Vertically aligned silicon nanowires etched from recycled silicon wafers are captured in a polymer matrix that operates as Li þ gel-electrolyte and electrode separator and peeled off to make multiple battery devices out of a single wafer. Porous, electrically interconnected copper nanoshells are conformally deposited around the silicon nanowires to stabilize the electrodes over extended cycles and provide efficient current collection. Using the above developed process we demonstrate an operational full cell 3.4 V lithium-polymer silicon nanowire (LIPOSIL) battery which is mechanically flexible and scalable to large dimensions.polymer electrolyte | core-shell nanowires | energy storage | flexible electronics | waste management S ilicon is a promising anode material in lithium batteries due to its high specific capacity and low operation voltage (1). However, the major concern in using Si-based anodes is the huge volume expansion during the lithiation that leads to a fast degradation of the electrode material and a reduced life cycle of the battery with limited use in real life Li-ion applications. The advent of nanotechnology and successful incorporation of nanostructured materials in energy storage devices has further grown an interest in revisiting Si as an active anode material. The enhancement in the electrochemical performance of nanostructured Si anodes provides novel platforms for the ubiquitous presence of Si in Li-ion batteries (2-4). Through nanostructuring, the active Si pulverization was minimized yielding stable capacity retention. However, this was found insufficient to maintain a uniform electrical interface and adequate mechanical contact between the active Si particles and the conductive additives, calling for the development of new binder materials (5-7). Avoiding binders or conductive additives and enabling a direct contact between Si and the current collector is the other way to maintain the electrical conductivity and mechanical integrity of the electrode. This requires special designs of the current collector complying with the ensuing active material deposition. The optimal alternative so far is provided by the use of nanowires, nanotubes, or hierarchical assemblies directly grown, assembled, or bonded onto the current collector (8-12).Current collectors integrated with Si anodes have been successfully fabricated through chemical or physical vapor deposition methods, room temperature metal assisted chemical etching (MACE), as well as through various top-down methods (8,9,(12)(13)(14)(15). One of the major drawbacks of the respective configurations is the relatively low tap density of the Si nanostructures leading to low mass loading of active material and low volumetric capacities. Moreover, excess of current collector is usually employed in this configuration rendering them less attractive for high-throughput battery manufacturing (16). Low compactio...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roll up nanowire battery from silicon chips

Vlad

Reddy

Ajayan

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

123

106

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“…[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Even though the cycle performance is, in general, improved, the volumetric capacity is sacrificed with the large number of voids.I nsome cases, the volumetric capacities of nanostructured silicon electrodes with packing densities less than 0.2 g Si cm À3 are even lower than that of ap ractical graphite electrode (ca. 560 mAh cm…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppressing Vertical Displacement of Lithiated Silicon Particles in High Volumetric Capacity Battery Electrodes

Zhao²,

Hoster

2015

ChemElectroChem

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Silicon is ap otential high-capacity anode material for lithiumion batteries. However,l arge volume changesi nt he material remains ab ottleneck to its commercialization. Many works have been devoted to nanostructured composites with voids to accommodate the volumee xpansion. Yet, the full capability of silicon cannot be utilized, because these nanostructured electrodes have low volumetric capacities. Herein, we redesign dense silicon electrodes with three times the volumetric capacity of graphite. In situ electrochemical dilatometry reveals that the electrode thickness change is nonlineara safunction of state of chargea nd highly affected by the electrode composition. One key problemi st he large vertical displacement of the silicon particles duringl ithiation, which leads to irreversible particled etachment and electrode porosity increase. Better reversibility in electrode thickness changes can be achieved by using polyimide, with ah igher modulus and larger ultimate elongation, as the binder,leading to betterc ycle stability.Batteries have become key componentsi nm obile devices. The global market share of lithium-ion batteries was more than 10 billion US dollars in 2012, and is expected to increase significantly with the increasing demandi ne nergy storagef or renewable sourcess uch as wind farms, solar farms, and so forth.[1] Many researchers are developing new materials such as metal-oxide, tin-based, and silicon-based anodest oi ncrease the specific capacity and energy density of lithium-ion batteries.[2-8] However,t he bottleneck to battery development is not only the capacity,b ut also the reversibility of Li incorporation into an electrode without degradation. One of the main problems of next-generation, high-capacity anode materials is their large volumec hange during charge and discharge. For example, silicon (Si), with ac apacity of up to 4000 mAh g À1 ,h as at heoretical volume change of 311%.[9] Continual changes in materials tructure and mechanicalp roperties duringc ycling lead to fatigue, material cracking, loss of contact, and electrode delaminates that will decreaset he amount of usable materials and increase cell resistance, thereby decreasing the available capacity.Many researchers try to accommodate the volume change in Si electrodes by incorporating additional spacesw ithin the electrode with nanomaterials, graphene composites, and inactive phases. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Even though the cycle performance is, in general, improved, the volumetric capacity is sacrificed with the large number of voids.I nsome cases, the volumetric capacities of nanostructured silicon electrodes with packing densities less than 0.2 g Si cm À3 are even lower than that of ap ractical graphite electrode (ca. 560 mAh cm À3). For mobile applications, where volume matters, more dense Si electrodes are necessary to increase the overall volumetric capacity and energy density. The key question is, therefore, how to maintain mechanical reversibility in these packed electrodes.To understand and solve...

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“…With 10 nm thick carbon coating on Si nanowires of 90 nm in diameter, the first cycle coulombic efficiency was greatly enhanced from 70 % (without coating) to 83 %, in addition to the increased capacity from 3125 mAh g À1 (without coating) to 3702 mAh g À1 , and cycling stability (5 % capacity retention after 15 cycles) [235]. Replacing the carbon coating with 10 nm thick Cu film can further improve the coulombic efficiency of the initial cycle up to 90.3 %, and improve capacity retention up to 86 % after 15 cycles [236]. This improvement is not necessarily due to a better stabilization of the SEI, however, as it can presumably due to the fact that Cu is a better electronic conductor than the carbon coat.…”

Section: Coated Si Nanostructures and Stabilization Of The Seimentioning

confidence: 97%

Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

et al. 2016

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Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have made considerable progress since the first commercial one by Sony in 1991, which had LiCoO 2 and graphite as active elements of the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The LiBs are now the primary energy storage devices in the transportation and communications, from portable use in computers, up to electric and hybrid vehicles. More recently, they have also been used as back-up supply units, frequency regulators (load leveling) to integrate on smart grids the electricity produced by windmills and photovoltaic plants (for a recent review, see [1]). These applications require high energy densities, high power, and safety among others. Considerable efforts have been made to propose other electrodes to fulfill these requirements. We have recently reviewed the works and progress concerning the materials for the positive electrode [2][3][4][5][6]. The present work is devoted to the materials for the negative electrode counterpart. It is common to use the terminology anode and cathode for the negative and positive electrodes, respectively, although the electrodes play alternatively the role of anode and cathode during the charge and discharge process. We shall use this terminology in the following for conciseness purposes only.An ideal active anode element should fulfill the following requirements as follows: (1) It must be light and accommodate as much Li as possible to optimize the gravimetric capacity. (2) Its redox potential with respect to Li 0 /Li + must be as small as possible at any Li-concentration. The reason is that this potential is subtracted to the redox potential of the cathode material to give the overall voltage of the cell, and smaller voltage means smaller energy density. (3) It must possess good electronic and ionic conductivities since faster motion of the lithium ions and the electrons also mean higher power density of the cell. (4) It must not be soluble in the solvents of the electrolyte and not react with the lithium salt. (5) It must be safe, i.e. avoid any thermal runaway of the battery, a criterion that is not independent of the previous one, but deserves special attention, especially for use in transportation such as electric vehicles and planes. (6) It must be cheap and environmentally friendly. The different materials proposed as anode elements for Li-ion batteries must be discussed with respect to these different criteria.The graphite is still the most used anode material and is still the reference. The first works giving evidence of the insertion of lithium in graphite date from 1955 [7], confirmed by the synthesis of LiC 6 in 1965 [8]. The synthesis of LiC 6 , however, was not obtained by electrochemical process at that time. Another decade was spent before Besenhard and Eichinger discovered the reversible intercalation of lithium in graphite, proposing this material as an anode in 1976 [9,10]. Increasing the Li content in LiC 6 is possible [8], but no reversible cycling beyond LiC 6 could ever be obtained. The graphite anode can thus be cyc...

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Silicon nanowires coated with copper layer as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 195 publications

References 23 publications

Roll up nanowire battery from silicon chips

Roll up nanowire battery from silicon chips

Suppressing Vertical Displacement of Lithiated Silicon Particles in High Volumetric Capacity Battery Electrodes

Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

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