Silicates

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Structural Chemistry of Silicates 1.1. Structural Classification 1.2. Oligo‐ and Cyclosilicates 1.3. Polysilicates 1.4. Phyllosilicates 1.4.1. Monophyllosilicates 1.4.2. Diphyllosilicates 1.4.3. Alkali Silicates 1.4.4. Crystalline Silicic Acids 1.4.5. Clay Minerals 1.4.6. Intracrystalline Reactions 1.5. Tectosilicates 2. Natural Silicates 2.1. Feldspar 2.1.1. Structure and Composition 2.1.2. Characterization of Individual Feldspars 2.1.3. Production 2.1.4. Properties 2.1.5. Mineral Deposits and their Extraction 2.1.6. Processing and Quality Requirements 2.1.7. Uses and Economic Aspects 2.2. Nepheline and Related Compounds 2.3. Leucite 2.4. Olivine 2.5. Andalusite 2.6. Kyanite 2.7. Sillimanite 2.8. Mullite 2.9. Vermiculite 2.10. Perlite 2.11. Pumice 2.12. Basalt 2.13. Wollastonite 2.14. Toxicology 3. Alkali Silicates 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Raw Materials 3.3. Amorphous Anhydrous Alkali Silicates (Solid or Lump Glasses) 3.4. Silicate Solutions 3.5. Hydrated Water‐Soluble Silicates 3.6. Crystalline Solids 3.7. Uses and Applications 3.8. Economic Aspects 3.9. Storage, Safety, Labelling and Transportation 3.10. Analysis

A novel dermal delivery system using natural spicules for cosmetics and therapeutics

“…It is interesting to find out in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (d–g) that these oxea spicules have open holes at tip ends, which provides gates to the internal empty space, thereby to load and deliver the ingredients. We envisioned that this space was created due to the loss of relatively “soft” silica part along the axis via formation of sodium silicate, known also as “water glass,” 31 soluble in water and thus readily washed away during the purification process using a strong basic solution. The internal diameter was measured 4–6 μm in the images of SEM, spacious enough to load and deliver various types of cargo ingredients in the purpose of dermal delivery system.…”

“…Isolation of spicules came along with the formation of sodium silicate, soluble in water as “water glass” 31 in the relatively softer and scarcer axial part of the needle‐like spicules. Since the impurities from the dried sponges could be harmful to the skin and the entire body, the spicules were washed repetitively with a base solution for hydrolysis of organic and chelation to inorganic substances, respectively.…”

A novel dermal delivery system using natural spicules for cosmetics and therapeutics

“…It is interesting to find out in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (d–g) that these oxea spicules have open holes at tip ends, which provides gates to the internal empty space, thereby to load and deliver the ingredients. We envisioned that this space was created due to the loss of relatively “soft” silica part along the axis via formation of sodium silicate, known also as “water glass,” 31 soluble in water and thus readily washed away during the purification process using a strong basic solution. The internal diameter was measured 4–6 μm in the images of SEM, spacious enough to load and deliver various types of cargo ingredients in the purpose of dermal delivery system.…”

“…Isolation of spicules came along with the formation of sodium silicate, soluble in water as “water glass” 31 in the relatively softer and scarcer axial part of the needle‐like spicules. Since the impurities from the dried sponges could be harmful to the skin and the entire body, the spicules were washed repetitively with a base solution for hydrolysis of organic and chelation to inorganic substances, respectively.…”

Alkali Activation of Clay and Water Potabilization Sludge Binary Blends: Influence of Composition and Curing Conditions

“…(4) The blends were poured into cubic steel moulds (40 × 40 × 40 mm 3 ) and compacted by mechanical vibrations for 60 s by using a vibratory plate to remove entrained air. (5) The samples were cured at room temperature in sealed vessels for 24 h to ensure 100% relative humidity (R.H.) before being demoulded and left in environmental conditions for 28 days [23,24,43] In order to evaluate the effect of the actual climatic conditions during the environmental temperature curing, a first set of samples was prepared during the summer season (ss), under very hot external temperatures (more than 35 • C) in an environment with no air conditioning, whereas a second set of samples was prepared during the winter season (ws) under temperate climatic conditions (external temperature from 10 • C to 20 • C).…”

Portland Versus Alkaline Cement: Continuity or Clean Break: “A Key Decision for Global Sustainability”

“…Sodium silicate owes its large carbon footprint to how it is generally synthesised: fusing siliceous sand with anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) at temperatures of >1.000°C (although also by directly attacking silica with caustic soda) ( Lagaly et al, 2000 ). The result is a hard material that can be commercialized as a granular solid or an aqueous liquid.…”

A novel dermal delivery system using natural spicules for cosmetics and therapeutics

“…It is interesting to find out in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (d–g) that these oxea spicules have open holes at tip ends, which provides gates to the internal empty space, thereby to load and deliver the ingredients. We envisioned that this space was created due to the loss of relatively “soft” silica part along the axis via formation of sodium silicate, known also as “water glass,” 31 soluble in water and thus readily washed away during the purification process using a strong basic solution. The internal diameter was measured 4–6 μm in the images of SEM, spacious enough to load and deliver various types of cargo ingredients in the purpose of dermal delivery system.…”

“…Isolation of spicules came along with the formation of sodium silicate, soluble in water as “water glass” 31 in the relatively softer and scarcer axial part of the needle‐like spicules. Since the impurities from the dried sponges could be harmful to the skin and the entire body, the spicules were washed repetitively with a base solution for hydrolysis of organic and chelation to inorganic substances, respectively.…”

Alkali Activation of Clay and Water Potabilization Sludge Binary Blends: Influence of Composition and Curing Conditions

“…(4) The blends were poured into cubic steel moulds (40 × 40 × 40 mm 3 ) and compacted by mechanical vibrations for 60 s by using a vibratory plate to remove entrained air. (5) The samples were cured at room temperature in sealed vessels for 24 h to ensure 100% relative humidity (R.H.) before being demoulded and left in environmental conditions for 28 days [23,24,43] In order to evaluate the effect of the actual climatic conditions during the environmental temperature curing, a first set of samples was prepared during the summer season (ss), under very hot external temperatures (more than 35 • C) in an environment with no air conditioning, whereas a second set of samples was prepared during the winter season (ws) under temperate climatic conditions (external temperature from 10 • C to 20 • C).…”

Portland Versus Alkaline Cement: Continuity or Clean Break: “A Key Decision for Global Sustainability”

“…Sodium silicate owes its large carbon footprint to how it is generally synthesised: fusing siliceous sand with anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) at temperatures of >1.000°C (although also by directly attacking silica with caustic soda) ( Lagaly et al, 2000 ). The result is a hard material that can be commercialized as a granular solid or an aqueous liquid.…”

A novel dermal delivery system using natural spicules for cosmetics and therapeutics

“…It is interesting to find out in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (d–g) that these oxea spicules have open holes at tip ends, which provides gates to the internal empty space, thereby to load and deliver the ingredients. We envisioned that this space was created due to the loss of relatively “soft” silica part along the axis via formation of sodium silicate, known also as “water glass,” 31 soluble in water and thus readily washed away during the purification process using a strong basic solution. The internal diameter was measured 4–6 μm in the images of SEM, spacious enough to load and deliver various types of cargo ingredients in the purpose of dermal delivery system.…”

“…Isolation of spicules came along with the formation of sodium silicate, soluble in water as “water glass” 31 in the relatively softer and scarcer axial part of the needle‐like spicules. Since the impurities from the dried sponges could be harmful to the skin and the entire body, the spicules were washed repetitively with a base solution for hydrolysis of organic and chelation to inorganic substances, respectively.…”

Alkali Activation of Clay and Water Potabilization Sludge Binary Blends: Influence of Composition and Curing Conditions

“…(4) The blends were poured into cubic steel moulds (40 × 40 × 40 mm 3 ) and compacted by mechanical vibrations for 60 s by using a vibratory plate to remove entrained air. (5) The samples were cured at room temperature in sealed vessels for 24 h to ensure 100% relative humidity (R.H.) before being demoulded and left in environmental conditions for 28 days [23,24,43] In order to evaluate the effect of the actual climatic conditions during the environmental temperature curing, a first set of samples was prepared during the summer season (ss), under very hot external temperatures (more than 35 • C) in an environment with no air conditioning, whereas a second set of samples was prepared during the winter season (ws) under temperate climatic conditions (external temperature from 10 • C to 20 • C).…”

Portland Versus Alkaline Cement: Continuity or Clean Break: “A Key Decision for Global Sustainability”

“…Sodium silicate owes its large carbon footprint to how it is generally synthesised: fusing siliceous sand with anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) at temperatures of >1.000°C (although also by directly attacking silica with caustic soda) ( Lagaly et al, 2000 ). The result is a hard material that can be commercialized as a granular solid or an aqueous liquid.…”