Silage Fermentation Quality, Anthocyanin Stability, and in vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristic of Ferrous Sulfate Heptahydrate-Treated Black Cane (Saccharum sinensis R.)

Abstract

Pretreatment of lignocellulose agricultural biomass with iron prior to ensiling is required to accelerate biomass breakdown during fermentation, which could result in functional microorganisms and chemicals that reduce nutrition loss, harmful substances, and improve animal performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing dilutions of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FS) pretreatment at fresh matter concentrations of 0, 0.015, and 0.030% on the fermentation quality of black cane (BC) silage, anthocyanin stability, ruminal biogas, rumen fermentation profile, and microbial community. Pre-ensiled and silage materials were evaluated. High moisture, fiber, anthocyanin, and lignification of biomass, as well as undesirable ensiling microorganisms, were found in BC' pre-ensiled form. Increasing dilutions of FS incorporated into silages were observed to linearly decrease dry matter, anthocyanin, and nutritive value losses. The lignin values decreased linearly as the percentage of FS increased up to 0.030%. Given that the ruminants were fed pre-ensiled materials, BC silage treated with 0.030% FS dilution had comparable results to pre-ensiled BC in terms of increasing in vitro volatile fatty acid concentrations, maintaining total gas production, and reducing methane production, when compared to other FS-treated silages. In addition, BC silage treated with a 0.030% FS dilution inhibited methanogenic bacteria and regulated cellulolytic bacteria in rumen fluid. Overall, the anthocyanin content of BC remained constant throughout the rumen fermentation process after increasing dilutions of FS, indicating that BC is a viable ruminant feedstock and that pretreatment of BC with dilute FS-assisted ensiling at 0.030% could be used to generate ruminant diets.

Dietary inclusion of anthocyanin-rich black cane silage treated with ferrous sulfate heptahydrate reduces oxidative stress and promotes tender meat production in goats

“…However, it necessitates a suitable effort prior to ensiling because the breakdown of biomass during anaerobic fermentation results in functional microorganisms and chemicals that reduce nutrient loss in addition to harmful substances ( 1 ). Using iron dilutions can help significantly with forage preservation ( 2 ). These additives can contribute to the retention of nutrients in silage, hence strengthening its feed value and improving the production efficiency of ruminants ( 3 , 4 ).…”

“…However, the highly lignified components of anthocyanin-rich black cane reduce the bioaccessibility of anthocyanin during rumen feeding. In addition, earlier studies demonstrated that the incorporation of anthocyanin-rich black cane with dilutions of FSH at levels ranging from 0.015 to 0.030% on fresh weight (FW) into anthocyanin-rich black cane silages improved the nutritional balance with massively decreased lignin contents, as well as modulated anthocyanin stability during ensiling, and in vitro ruminal fermentation of anthocyanin-rich black cane silages ( 1 , 2 ). These findings support the notion that using those FSH levels might aid the current study in terms of decreasing the lignin content of anthocyanin-rich black cane silages prior to feeding.…”

“…These findings support the notion that using those FSH levels might aid the current study in terms of decreasing the lignin content of anthocyanin-rich black cane silages prior to feeding. FSH is a beneficial inorganic salt that acts as a catalyst in enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation during ensiling ( 1 , 2 ). Besides, anthocyanin in black cane-treated FSH was discovered to be stable throughout rumen fermentation ( 2 ).…”

“…FSH is a beneficial inorganic salt that acts as a catalyst in enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation during ensiling ( 1 , 2 ). Besides, anthocyanin in black cane-treated FSH was discovered to be stable throughout rumen fermentation ( 2 ). This such benefit of the black cane's anthocyanin is resistant to ruminal digestion and, as a result, may be absorbed by small intestine.…”

“…As a consequence of this, anthocyanins are made available for absorption and may be able to utilize their antioxidative properties to provide protection against the damaging effects of oxidative stress. Furthermore, ensiling anthocyanin-rich black cane with 0.030% FSH included increased the acetate to propionate ratio, as well as a shift in the structure and relative abundance of the microbial population in incubated rumen fluids in vitro ( 1 , 2 ). Similarly, recent studies showed that the microbial community in slaughtered goat rumen fluid was shifted to have a tendency to increase the acetate to propionate ratio, as influencing anthocyanin fractions from purple corn ( 12 ) and black cane ( 9 ).…”