Ship motion estimation from polarized Doppler spectra from ship wakes on two-dimensional sea surfaces

Modeling and SAR imaging of the sea surface: A review of the state-of-the-art with simulations

“…As is mentioned in Section V-A and in various studies in the literature, the ambient amplitude of sea waves can dramatically reduce, or conversely, increase the visibility of vessel signatures in SAR images. On the other hand, different spectra models have been applied for SAR image simulation of ship wake [6], [58], [60], [63], [65]- [69], [71], [72]. It is important to note that the results presented here reveal a relative difference in spectra, in terms of a superposition of sea waves with ship wake and are not compared in terms of absolute SAR intensity values.…”

“…Therefore, we recommend using a well known Kelvin wake modeling methodology that has been employed in a wide range of SAR simulation works [6], [60], [69]. The limitation of this methodology is that it assumes that ships only move linearly, while in reality they also move along curves.…”

“…Linear and nonlinear sea surface models were considered and compared in [66]. The polarized Doppler spectra of dynamic ship wakes was investigated in [69]. In another work [70] a model of far wakes was used.…”

Modeling and SAR Imaging of the Sea Surface: a Review of the State-of-the-Art with Simulations

“…As is mentioned in Section V-A, and, in various studies in the literature, the ambient amplitude of sea waves can dramatically reduce or reversely increase the visibility of vessel signatures in SAR images. On the other hand, different spectra models have been applied for SAR image simulation of ship wake [6], [58], [60], [63], [65]- [69], [71], [72]. It is important to note that the results presented here reveal a relative difference in spectra, in terms of a superposition of sea waves with ship wake and are not compared in terms of absolute SAR intensity values.…”

“…However, a recent study [114] based on the analysis of optical images has improved our understanding of Kelvin wakes by showing that at large Froude numbers (Section V-B) the opening angles differ. Therefore, we recommend using a well known Kelvin wake modeling methodology that has been employed in a wide range of SAR simulation works [6], [60], [69]. The limitation of this methodology is that it assumes that ships only move linearly, while in reality they also move along curves.…”