Shigella sonnei Does Not Use Amoebae as Protective Hosts

Watson, Jayne; Jenkins, Claire; Clements, Abigail

doi:10.1128/aem.02679-17

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…For example, the viable counts of S. sonnei and S. dysenteriae were higher in the presence of A. castellanii compared with the absence of the amoeba after 18 days of cocultivation [2]. In addition, S. sonnei and S. flexneri were able to survive in cocultures with A. castellanii over 18 days at 22°C [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Saeed et al [2] reported that Shigella dysenteriae and S. sonnei could survive and replicate in the cytoplasm of A. castellanii. In contrast, in a recent study, it was showed that S. sonnei did not have the ability to survive or replicate inside the A castellanii and, as a result, A castellanii could not be a protective host for this bacterium [7]. Differences in the environmental conditions (such as temperature and the presence/absence of nutrients) and the physiological conditions of the bacteria can be the possible reasons for the different findings.…”

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confidence: 79%

“…Shigella is a Gram‐negative, nonsporeforming, facultative anaerobic pathogens that cause shigellosis or bacillary dysentery in both developing and industrialized countries. Shigella is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea worldwide and the total number of Shigella episodes that occur each year throughout the world is estimated to be 165 million infections and 120,000 deaths, accounting for 10% of deaths due to diarrheal disease worldwide . Shigella is typically an inhabitant of the intestinal tract of humans and other primates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the bacterial growth phase and coculture conditions on the interaction of Acanthamoeba castellanii with Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella sonnei

et al. 2019

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Shigella species and Acanthamoeba castellanii share the same ecological niches, and their interaction has been addressed in a limited number of research. However, there are still uncertain aspects and discrepant findings of this interaction. In the present study, the effects of the bacterial growth phase, cocultivation temperature and the type of culture media on the interaction of A. castellanii with Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri were evaluated. In nutrient‐poor page's amoeba saline (PAS) medium, the number of recovered bacteria and the uptake rates were significantly higher in stationary phase cells than logarithmic phase cells. However, no significant differences were observed in the number of recovered bacteria and the uptake rates between logarithmic and stationary phase cells in nutrient‐rich peptone–yeast extract–glucose (PYG) medium. While the number of recovered bacteria was significantly higher in nutrient‐rich than nutrient‐poor media, in all the three Shigella species, the bacterial uptake rates were significantly higher in nutrient‐poor than nutrient‐rich media at both cocultivation temperatures. In both nutrient‐poor and nutrient‐rich media and at both cocultivation temperatures, the number of viable Shigella species after 24 h incubation were not influenced by the presence of A. castellanii. Although Shigella species did not proliferate in A. castellanii trophozoites, a considerable number of bacteria were survived in the trophozoites up to 15 days. From the public health perspective, the results of this study are important for further understanding of the nature of the interaction of these organisms and to deal with Shigella species in the environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the bacterial growth phase and coculture conditions on the interaction of Acanthamoeba castellanii with Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella sonnei

et al. 2019

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“…The synergistic effect of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) alongside with integrons (genetic elements that acquire or exchange exogenous DNA, called as gene cassettes by site-specific recombination) further increases the emergence and survival rate (Ahmed et al 2006 ). In another study ubiquitously existing, free living amoeba called Acanthamoebae castellanii has found to phagocytosize S. sonnei protecting it from chlorination and environmental damage (Saeed et al 2009 ), however, contrary to this, in a recent study, it has been shown that although A. castellanii phagocytosize S. sonnei but it does not be able to survive or grow in the cytosol of A. castellanii (Watson et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shigella sonnei: virulence and antibiotic resistance

Shad

2020

Arch Microbiol

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Shigella sonnei is the emerging pathogen globally, as it is the second common infectious species of shigellosis (bloody diarrhoea) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the leading one in developed world. The multifactorial processes and novel mechanisms have been identified in S. sonnei, that are collectively playing apart a substantial role in increasing its prevalence, while replacing the S. flexneri and other Gram-negative gut pathogens niche occupancy. Recently, studies suggest that due to improvement in sanitation S. sonnei has reduced cross-immunization from Plesiomonas shigelliodes (having same O-antigen as S. sonnei) and also found to outcompete the two major species of Enterobacteriaceae family (Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli), due to encoding of type VI secretion system (T6SS). This review aimed to highlight S. sonnei as an emerging pathogen in the light of recent research with pondering aspects on its epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. Additionally, this paper aimed to review S. sonnei disease pattern and related complications, symptoms, and laboratory diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, the available treatment reigns and antibiotic-resistance patterns of S. sonnei are also discussed, as the ciprofloxacin and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei has already intensified the global spread and burden of antimicrobial resistance. In last, prevention and controlling strategies are briefed to limit and tackle S. sonnei and possible future areas are also explored that needed more research to unravel the hidden mysteries surrounding S. sonnei.

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“…Hence, enhanced survival advantages. However, a recent study showed that S. sonnei is not able to use amoebae as a protective host to enhance its environmental survival, which makes the explanation of A. castellaniii protection for S. sonnei expansion compromised 4 . On the other hand, antibiotic resistance is thought to be associated with a fitness cost 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genome analysis of 12 Shigella sonnei strains: virulence, resistance, and their interactions

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2019

Preprint

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39Shigellosis is a highly infectious disease that are mainly transmitted via faecal-oral contact of 40 the bacteria Shigella. Four species have been identified in Shigella genus, among which S. 41 flexneri is used to be the most prevalent species globally and commonly isolated from 42 developing countries. However, it is being replaced by S. sonnei that is currently the main 43 causative agent for dysentery pandemic in many emerging industrialized countries such as Asia 44 and the Middle East with unclear reasons. For a better understanding of S. sonnei virulence and 45 antibiotic resistance, we sequenced 12 clinical S. sonnei strains with varied antibiotic-46 resistance profiles collected from four cities in Jiangsu Province, China. Phylogenomic 47 55 56 Shigellosis 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 phenotypes. Sequenced S. sonnei genomes were aligned and compared with the reference strain 94 S. sonnei 53G. The relationship between the antibiotic resistance and virulence were studied 95 by combining antibiotic resistance profiles with the distribution of putative virulence factors. 96Here, what we mean by virulence factors is gene products that enable a microorganism to 97 establish itself on or within a host of a particular species, facilitating its abilities to cause 98 diseases, which are divided into 4 categories and 31 functional groups, such as bacterial toxins, 99 cell surface proteins, and hydrolytic enzymes, etc 8 . All the virulence factors come from 32 100 major bacterial pathogens including the Shigella genus. By screening and comparing the 101 genomes of sensitive and antibiotic resistant Shigella sonnies using this hierarchical set of VF 102 sequence models, we attempted to quantify virulence by the number of virulence factors in 103 specific functional groups. Principal component analysis was then performed to cluster the 104 resistant and sensitive strains, separately, via incorporating both the number of virulence Pan-and phylo-genomic analysis 126 127The total pan-genome for the 12 S. sonnei strains include 5608 protein CDSs. Of those, 3893 128 (69.42% of total CDSs) are core genes across all 12 species while 1715 (30.58% of total CDSs) 129 constitute the accessory fractions, which are unique to each genome. Strain S13029 has the 130 lowest number of the unique genes (484 CDSs) and S14031 has the highest number of unique 131 genes (803 CDSs) (Supplementary Figure 2). Interestingly, both strains are completely 132 sensitive to or only resistant to one of all tested antibiotics. Further comparison of all the 12 S. 133 sonnei strains give complete map of gene presence and absence in each genome (Dataset 1). 134By comparing sensitive strains with resistant strains, unique genes associated with the two 135 groups were identified and annotated based on sequence homology (Supplementary Table 2), 136 respectively. These genes could serve as a guidance for a better understanding of the 137 differences between the two S. sonnei groups in terms of their virulence and resistance. 278

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Shigella sonnei Does Not Use Amoebae as Protective Hosts

Cited by 7 publications

References 42 publications

Effect of the bacterial growth phase and coculture conditions on the interaction of Acanthamoeba castellanii with Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella sonnei

Effect of the bacterial growth phase and coculture conditions on the interaction of Acanthamoeba castellanii with Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella sonnei

Shigella sonnei: virulence and antibiotic resistance

Comparative genome analysis of 12 Shigella sonnei strains: virulence, resistance, and their interactions

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