“…The process of AMT shifting without a clutch can be divided into five phases [10]: (1) where C is the mode clutch, which is connected in hybrid driving mode and disconnected in motor driving mode; S is the synchronizer, J e is the equivalent moment of inertia of the engine and the driving parts of the clutch, J m is the moment of inertia of the motor, J c is the equivalent moment of inertia of the driven parts of the clutch and the transmission input shaft, J t_o is the equivalent moment of inertia of the transmission output shaft, T e is the engine torque, ω e is the engine speed, T m is the torque transmitted by the motor, T c is the torque transmitted by the clutch, ω c is the speed of the driven parts of the clutch, T t_r is the external resistance torque of the transmission output shaft, ω t_o is the speed of the transmission output shaft, i g(n) is the transmission ratio of the n gear (n = 1st, 2nd, …, 5th), T t_io is the torque transmitted from the input shaft to the output shaft, T t_oi is the torque transmitted from the output shaft to the input shaft. The relationship between T t_oi and T t_io is as follows: (3) where η T is the transmission efficiency.…”