Sharing more than friendship – transmission of NDM-5 ST167 and CTX-M-9 ST69 Escherichia coli between dogs and humans in a family, Finland, 2015

Abstract

IntroductionCarbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) have rarely been reported in dogs, and never in animals in Finland. However, in April 2015, two meropenem-resistant Escherichia coli were identified from two dogs in one family. Both dogs suffered from chronic otitis externa. Methods: Epidemiological and molecular investigations (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing) were conducted to investigate the source of infection and transmission routes. Results: In both dogs and one family member New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-5)-producing multidrug-resistant ST167 E. coli was found. Whole genome sequencing confirmed that the isolates were identical or only had one or two allelic differences. Additionally, the dogs and humans of the family carried an identical extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) CTX-M-group 9 E. coli ST69 strain, indicating interspecies transmission. While the original source remains unclear, human-to-canine transmission is possible. No carbapenems had been administered to the dogs, but exposure to numerous other antimicrobials likely sustained the bacteria and supported its propagation in the canine host. Conclusion: To our knowledge, canine clinical NDM-5 E. coli in Europe, and confirmed CPE transmission between dogs and humans have not been previously reported. The screening of veterinary Enterobacteriaceae isolates for carbapenem resistance is highly recommended.

Antimicrobial effects of cinnamon essential oil and cinnamaldehyde combined with EDTA against canine otitis externa pathogens

“…aureus in 24 h while at 49 MIC a more than 3 log 10 reduction was observed after 4 h. Previous studies have also shown cinnamaldehyde as a potential antimicrobial agent against Staph. aureus (Ye et al 2013;Garcia-Salinas et al 2018). Our findings suggest the potential use of both cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde for the topical treatment of infections in dogs, but the latter as a more promising bactericidal compound.…”

“…; Grönthal et al . ). In addition, many antimicrobial agents, used for veterinary purposes to treat a wide range of microbial infections across many animal species, are within the same class as human therapeutic drugs, potentially increasing AMR in humans (Wijesekara et al .…”

“…Based on the literature review and previous studies, cinnamon essential oil exhibited strong antimicrobial activities, (Ooi et al 2006;Unlu et al 2010;Puskarova et al 2017;Firmino et al 2018). Cinnamaldehyde, the most abundant components of the cinnamon essential oil, either used alone or in combination exhibited potent antibacterial and antifungal activities (Utchariyakiat et al 2016;Friedman 2017;Firmino et al 2018;Garcia-Salinas et al 2018). The anti-inflammatory properties and wound healing application of cinnamon oil for soothing the pain resulted from microbial infection and inflammation have been identified (Han and Parker 2017).…”

Skin and ear health in a group of English bulldogs in Finland – a descriptive study with special reference to owner perceptions

“…For MRSP/MRSA, two swabs were taken: one from the nares and the mouth/lip commissure, and one from the perianal region . For ESBL, the swab was taken from the rectum . The swabs were processed and bacterial identification, including susceptibility testing and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFG) analysis, was performed as described previously …”

Low prevalence of zoonotic multidrug‐resistant bacteria in veterinarians in a country with prudent use of antimicrobials in animals

“…Fortunately, no carbapenem or colistin resistance genes were found in this study. Two carbapenemases positive E. coli were found in two dogs in 2015 (Grönthal et al, ), and recently on two occasions colistin‐resistant strains have been found in street dogs imported from Russia (Finnish Food Safety Authority, ; University of Helsinki, ). As this study shows how frequent companion animal practice is among veterinarians, the situation should be closely monitored as infection pressure might grow rapidly due to dog imports.…”