Shading decreases the growth rate of young apple fruit by reducing their phloem import

Morandi, Brunella; Zibordi, M.; Losciale, Pasquale; Manfrini, Luigi; Pierpaoli, E.; Grappadelli, Luca Corelli

doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2010.11.002

Cited by 55 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Reducing radiation with a shade screen also reduced the sap flow towards the truss. Similar results were found for apple trees where shading reduced the influx, through a reduction of the phloem influx (Morandi et al, 2011).…”

Section: Sap Flow Dynamics Through An Intact Tomato Pedunclesupporting

confidence: 82%

Measurement of Sap Flow Dynamics Through the Tomato Peduncle Using a Non-Invasive Sensor Based on the Heat Field Deformation Method

Hanssens¹,

Swaef²,

Nadezhdina³

et al. 2013

Acta Hortic.

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Recent contradicting evidence on the contributions of xylem and phloem to tomato fruit growth highlights the need for a more thorough insight into the dynamics of sap flow through the tomato peduncle. In fact, knowledge on sap flow dynamics through small plant parts remains scarce, due to a lack of direct measurements. Most currently available sap flow sensors use needles, making them inappropriate for the direct measurement of sap flow through small plant parts such as a tomato peduncle. Therefore, a non-invasive sap flow sensor based on the heat field deformation (HFD) principle was tested on the peduncle of a tomato truss. This mini HFD sensor, consisting of a heater element and three thermocouples stitched on insulation tape, was wrapped around the peduncle and allowed continuous monitoring of changes in the heat field around the heater caused by sap flow. Actual influx into the tomato truss was calculated based on fruit growth data and estimates of fruit transpiration and was compared with the dynamics measured with the mini HFD sensor. Additionally, heat girdling of the peduncle was performed to block phloem influx to study the dynamics of xylem and phloem influx using the mini HFD sensor. First results of the mini HFD sensor were promising and the measured sap flow dynamics through the tomato peduncle agreed well with the calculated sap influx. Results of the girdling experiment suggested opposite patterns of xylem and phloem influx, with a decreased xylem influx during the daytime. Furthermore, the pattern of xylem influx revealed a close relation with the total water potential in the stem. As such, the mini HFD sensor provided direct measurements of sap flow dynamics through a tomato peduncle and, hence, has a large potential to finally resolve the controversy on water influx into developing fruits.

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Section: Sap Flow Dynamics Through An Intact Tomato Pedunclesupporting

confidence: 82%

Measurement of Sap Flow Dynamics Through the Tomato Peduncle Using a Non-Invasive Sensor Based on the Heat Field Deformation Method

Hanssens¹,

Swaef²,

Nadezhdina³

et al. 2013

Acta Hortic.

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show abstract

“…On the other hand, apple fruits grow by continuous expansion during the night and shrinkage during the day and the amplitude of fruit shrinkage is strongly influenced by environmental conditions (radiation and vapor pressure deficit) that affect directly the water outflows by fruit skin transpiration from and/or back flow of water from fruit to other tree organs (Morandi et al, 2011). In this experiment, although there were no differences in the fruit growth diurnal fluctuations among net treatments, fruit under the white net presented a more marked daily fruit shrinkage (more negative RGR values) compared to blue and grey nets (Figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Potential use of Photo-Selective Nets for Fruit Growth Regulation in Apple

Bastías

Manfrini

Grappadelli

2012

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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The effect of shading (i.e. reduction of sunlight availability) on fruit growth physiology has been widely studied in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), but little knowledge exist about fruit growth responses to changes in the light spectrum. The aim of the present research was to study the effect of use of colored nets with differential sunlight transmission in the blue (B, 400-500 nm), red (R, 600-700 nm) and far-red (FR, 700-800 nm) spectra on apple fruit growth and physiological associated responses. Three year old 'Fuji' apple trees were covered with 40% photo-selective blue and red shade nets, 40% neutral grey shade net, and 20% neutral white net as control. Red and blue net reduced in the same proportion (27%) the photosynthetically active radiation with respect to control. However, blue net increased by 30% and reduced by 10% the B:R and R:FR the light relations, respectively. Maximal fruit growth rate under blue and grey nets was 15-20% greater than control. Fruit weight under blue net was 17% greater than control, but no significant differences in fruit weight were found among red net and control. Leaf photosynthesis and total leaf area under blue net were 28% and 30% higher than control, respectively; with ensuing positive effect on tree net C assimilation rate and total dry matter production. Results suggest that shifting the B, R, and FR light composition with photo-selective nets could be a useful tool to manipulate the photosynthetic and morphogenetic process regulating the carbohydrate availability for apple fruit growth.

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“…Webster (2005) considera que, sob condições de baixa luminosidade, os ramos tendem a estiolar, resultando em ramos com entrenós maiores e folhas com menor conteúdo de clorofila, determinando a senescência das folhas e a paralisação do crescimento de ramos (TARTACHNYK;BLANKE, 2001). Pasa et al (2012) consideram que, em plantas com maiores índices de sombreamento interno, ocorrem redução da fotossíntese e, consequentemente, redução da assimilação de carbono, sendo que esta aumenta a competição entre drenos vegetativos e produtivos, e, assim, reduz a quantidade de fotoassimilados disponíveis para os frutos (MORANDI et al, 2011).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Avaliação Do Desenvolvimento Vegetativo De Pereiras ‘Hosui’ E ‘Rocha’ Em Diferentes Espaçamentos No Sistema De Cultivo Orgânico

et al. 2015

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RESUMO-O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência de diferentes espaçamentos de plantio sobre o crescimento vegetativo de pereiras das cvs. Rocha e Hosui, em sistema orgânico de produção. As mudas das pereiras 'Rocha' e 'Hosui' enxertadas sobre o marmeleiro 'CP' foram plantadas em setembro de 2009. Os espaçamentos utilizados foram: 1,0; 0,8; 0,6 e 0,4 m, entre plantas por 3,5 m entre linhas, equivalendo às densidades de plantio de 2.857; 3.571; 4.762 e 7.143 plantas ha -1 , respectivamente. Por dois ciclos consecutivos -2011/2012 e 2012/2013 -, referentes ao terceiro e ao quarto anos após o plantio, respectivamente, foram avaliadas as variáveis diâmetro de tronco, diâmetro de ramos e número de ramos. No segundo ciclo, foram avaliados o volume de copa, a área foliar estimada, a cobertura do dossel e os teores de clorofila a, b e total. Considerando as variáveis: projeção vertical de área foliar estimada, volume de copa e diâmetro de tronco e ramos, para a cv. Hosui, observou-se maior vigor vegetativo em relação à cv. Rocha. A cv. Rocha apresentou redução dos teores de clorofila no menor espaçamento entre plantas, enquanto na cv. Hosui os teores de clorofila não variaram com o espaçamento. Ocorreu aumento da área foliar estimada em função do adensamento para as duas cultivares; para o volume de copa, porém, este efeito foi observado apenas para a cv. Hosui, e para o índice de cobertura de dossel, apenas para a cv. Rocha. O maior adensamento de plantio favoreceu as pereiras da cv. Hosui, proporcionando maior volume de copa por área de terreno, sem ocorrer redução dos teores foliares de clorofila, mas com aumento da cobertura do dossel. Para a cv. Rocha, no entanto, adensamentos maiores do que 4.700 plantas ha -1 parecem ser prejudiciais, visto promoverem redução dos teores foliares de clorofila, porém com maior cobertura do dossel, podendo indicar autossombreamento. Termos para indexaçaõ: Pyrus Communis, Pyrus pyrifolia, Cydonia oblonga, densidade de plantio em agricultura orgânica. EVALUATION OF THE VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF 'HOSUI' AND 'ROCHA' PEAR AT DIFFERENT SPACINGS IN ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEMABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to determine the influence of different planting spacing on vegetative growth of pear trees cvs. Rocha and Hosui under organic production system. The nursery trees grafted on quince 'CP' were planted in September 2009. The adopted spacing were: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 m among plants with 3.5 m between rows, equivalent to planting densities of 2,857; 3,571; 4,762 and 7,143 plants ha -1 , respectively. For two consecutive cycles -2011/2012 and 2012/2013 -referent to the third and the fourth year after planting, respectively, it was evaluated the following: diameter of the trunk, diameter of branches and number of branches. In the second cycle were evaluated the canopy volume, the estimated vertical projection of the leaf area, the canopy cover and the leaf content of chlorophylls a, b and total . Considering the variables vertical projection of the estimated leaf area, canopy...

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Shading decreases the growth rate of young apple fruit by reducing their phloem import

Cited by 55 publications

References 19 publications

Measurement of Sap Flow Dynamics Through the Tomato Peduncle Using a Non-Invasive Sensor Based on the Heat Field Deformation Method

Measurement of Sap Flow Dynamics Through the Tomato Peduncle Using a Non-Invasive Sensor Based on the Heat Field Deformation Method

Exploring the Potential use of Photo-Selective Nets for Fruit Growth Regulation in Apple

Avaliação Do Desenvolvimento Vegetativo De Pereiras ‘Hosui’ E ‘Rocha’ Em Diferentes Espaçamentos No Sistema De Cultivo Orgânico

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