SGLT1/2 as the potential biomarkers of renal damage under Apoe−/− and chronic stress via the BP neural network model and support vector machine

Abstract

BackgroundChronic stress (CS) could produce negative emotions. The molecular mechanism of SGLT1 and SGLT2 in kidney injury caused by chronic stress combined with atherosclerosis remains unclear.MethodsIn total, 60 C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups, namely, control (CON, n = 15), control diet + chronic stress (CON+CS, n = 15), high-fat diet + Apoe−/− (HF + Apoe−/−, n = 15), and high-fat diet + Apoe−/− + chronic stress (HF+Apoe−/− + CS, n = 15) groups. The elevated plus maze and open field tests were performed to examine the effect of chronic stress. The expression of SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the kidney was detected. The support vector machine (SVM) and back propagation (BP) neural network model were constructed to explore the predictive value of the expression of SGLT1/2 on the renal pathological changes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used.ResultsA chronic stress model and atherosclerosis model were constructed successfully. Edema, broken reticular fiber, and increased glycogen in the kidney would be obvious in the HF + Apoe−/− + CS group. Compared with the CON group, the expression of SGLT1/2 in the kidney was upregulated in the HF + Apoe−/− + CS group (P < 0.05). There existed positive correlations among edema, glycogen, reticular fiber, expression of SGLT1/2 in the kidney. There were higher sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of SGLT1/2 for edema, reticular fiber, and glycogen in the kidney. The result of the SVM and BP neural network model showed better predictive values of SGLT1 and SGLT2 for edema and glycogen in the kidney.ConclusionIn conclusion, SGLT1/2 might be potential biomarkers of renal damage under Apoe−/− and chronic stress, which provided a potential research direction for future related explorations into this mechanism.

A community‐based cross‐sectional study of anxiety and metabolic syndrome

“…21 The basic research of Hu et al shows chronic stress can lead to anxiety and depression in mice, and then lead to renal oedema or fibrosis, atherosclerosis, etc. 22 Epidemiological and pathological evidence suggests that mental and physical illness can influence each other.…”

Adrenal SGLT1 or SGLT2 as predictors of atherosclerosis under chronic stress based on a computer algorithm

“…Thirty male C57BL/6J mice and thirty male Apoe-/- mice were purchased from the Huafucang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) with animal license SCXK 2019-0008. All mice, in cages of five, were housed in a standard SPF environment, specifically 20−25 °C room temperature, 40–70% humidity and free access to ultrafiltered water, with the exception of mice requiring chronic stress interventions that were on a 12h/12 h day and night cycle ( Hu et al, 2022 ).…”

“…The experimental protocol was approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS&PUMC) with approval number LDP21001 and the approval date of July 28, 2021. All animal care and experiments were performed in strict followed by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health, which was always implemented in our previous studies ( Meng et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ). All mice died after cardiac blood collection under isoflurane anesthesia, and their aorta and adrenal glands were taken for subsequent testing.…”

“…CUMS was used to construct a chronic stress model in mice and the detailed CUMS protocols has been described in our previous study ( Hu et al, 2022 ). In brief, mice were subjected to different stress procedures daily for 12 weeks to avoid adaptation: tail capping for 1 min, sudden shaking for 5s each with an interval of 10s, day/night reversal, predation stress by putting mice in the same cage as rats, 70 dB noise stimulation, flash stimulation (150 flashes/min), bind to limit activity for 2 h, 45° cage tilt with turning it 180 degrees every hour for 24 h, and cage soiling for 24 h.…”

“…Thirty minutes before behavioral assessment, the mice ( N = 60) were placed in the test room and allowed to acclimatize to the new environment. The stress status of the mice in the four groups was evaluated at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the chronic stimulation as described previously ( Hu et al, 2022 ). For the quiz, one mouse from the CON, CON+CS, HF+Apoe-/-, and HF+Apoe-/-+CS groups was placed in the device in turn until all mice were tested to exclude timing errors.…”