Sexual behaviour in Kenya: Implications for sexually transmitted disease transmission and control

Socioeconomic Status as a Risk Factor for Hiv Infection in Women in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Systematic Review

“…Primary education (female) OR 1·7 (1·1-2·4) Moses et al (1994) Kenya (Nairobi) No association. April 1991-January 1992 Kapiga et al (1994) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Positive February 1991-June 1992 OR 1·88 (1·07-3·29): some education increases risk for women Bulterys et al (1994) Butare …”

“…Of these 36 studies, 30 were cross-sectional (including two ecological studies (Armstrong, 2000;Auvert et al, 2001a), and the outcome measure was the prevalence of HIV infection in 26 of these studies. Two studies used low condom use as a proxy for HIV infection and risky sexual practices (Kirigia & Muthuri, 1999;Lagarde et al, 2001), another two used risky sexual behaviour (defined as multiple regular partners or many casual partners or two or more partners in the past two months as a proxy for HIV infection: Moses et al, 1994;Kapiga & Lugalla, 2002). The only case-control study reviewed similarly used HIV prevalence as an outcome measure (Quigley et al, 2000).…”

“…Two looked only at male and female occupation (Ryder et al, 1990;Lallemant et al, 1992), only female occupation (Moses et al, 1994) or the education of the male partner (Msuya et al, 2002). Similar to the negative studies, only three of these studies (out of twelve) included a measurement of male SES (Ryder et al, 1990;Lallemant et al, 1992;Msuya et al, 2002).…”

Socioeconomic Status as a Risk Factor for Hiv Infection in Women in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Systematic Review

“…Primary education (female) OR 1·7 (1·1-2·4) Moses et al (1994) Kenya (Nairobi) No association. April 1991-January 1992 Kapiga et al (1994) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Positive February 1991-June 1992 OR 1·88 (1·07-3·29): some education increases risk for women Bulterys et al (1994) Butare …”

“…Of these 36 studies, 30 were cross-sectional (including two ecological studies (Armstrong, 2000;Auvert et al, 2001a), and the outcome measure was the prevalence of HIV infection in 26 of these studies. Two studies used low condom use as a proxy for HIV infection and risky sexual practices (Kirigia & Muthuri, 1999;Lagarde et al, 2001), another two used risky sexual behaviour (defined as multiple regular partners or many casual partners or two or more partners in the past two months as a proxy for HIV infection: Moses et al, 1994;Kapiga & Lugalla, 2002). The only case-control study reviewed similarly used HIV prevalence as an outcome measure (Quigley et al, 2000).…”

“…Two looked only at male and female occupation (Ryder et al, 1990;Lallemant et al, 1992), only female occupation (Moses et al, 1994) or the education of the male partner (Msuya et al, 2002). Similar to the negative studies, only three of these studies (out of twelve) included a measurement of male SES (Ryder et al, 1990;Lallemant et al, 1992;Msuya et al, 2002).…”

Genital ulcer disease among STD clinic attenders in Nairobi: association with HIV-1 and circumcision status

“…Married men were also more likely to report a genital ulcer in the past and to have visited prostitutes. In another study carried out in Nairobi, in which STD patients were compared to non-STD clinic patients 18 , married men, especially those living with their spouses, appeared to be at a lower risk of contracting STDs, either urethritis or a genital ulcer, than unmarried men. However, a comparison with our study, in which all men had an STD, is dif® cult to make.…”

Development and Validation of a Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics-Based Risk-Score Algorithm for Targeting HIV Testing Among Adults in Kenya

“…Furthermore, several studies have shown that polygamous marriage [29,30], widowed status [31][32][33], or separated/divorced status [32][33][34]; having multiple sexual partners [31,34,35]; having a new sexual partner [31,35]; having an STI [31,35]; and uncircumcised status among men [43][44][45] are associated with higher risk of HIV infection. Some studies have shown an association between HIV risk and higher socioeconomic status/employment/having income [31,[64][65][66][67], others have shown an association with low socioeconomic status [68,69], while others have demonstrated a mixed association [70,71] or no association [72][73][74][75]. Although we did not assess socioeconomic status directly, we found manual/domestic or trade/sales/service occupations were associated with higher risk of HIV infection, which might be explained by an unidentified interplay between source of income and behavior, including increased opportunity for social interaction and travel.…”

Socioeconomic Status as a Risk Factor for Hiv Infection in Women in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Systematic Review

“…Primary education (female) OR 1·7 (1·1-2·4) Moses et al (1994) Kenya (Nairobi) No association. April 1991-January 1992 Kapiga et al (1994) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Positive February 1991-June 1992 OR 1·88 (1·07-3·29): some education increases risk for women Bulterys et al (1994) Butare …”

“…Of these 36 studies, 30 were cross-sectional (including two ecological studies (Armstrong, 2000;Auvert et al, 2001a), and the outcome measure was the prevalence of HIV infection in 26 of these studies. Two studies used low condom use as a proxy for HIV infection and risky sexual practices (Kirigia & Muthuri, 1999;Lagarde et al, 2001), another two used risky sexual behaviour (defined as multiple regular partners or many casual partners or two or more partners in the past two months as a proxy for HIV infection: Moses et al, 1994;Kapiga & Lugalla, 2002). The only case-control study reviewed similarly used HIV prevalence as an outcome measure (Quigley et al, 2000).…”

“…Two looked only at male and female occupation (Ryder et al, 1990;Lallemant et al, 1992), only female occupation (Moses et al, 1994) or the education of the male partner (Msuya et al, 2002). Similar to the negative studies, only three of these studies (out of twelve) included a measurement of male SES (Ryder et al, 1990;Lallemant et al, 1992;Msuya et al, 2002).…”

Genital ulcer disease among STD clinic attenders in Nairobi: association with HIV-1 and circumcision status

“…Married men were also more likely to report a genital ulcer in the past and to have visited prostitutes. In another study carried out in Nairobi, in which STD patients were compared to non-STD clinic patients 18 , married men, especially those living with their spouses, appeared to be at a lower risk of contracting STDs, either urethritis or a genital ulcer, than unmarried men. However, a comparison with our study, in which all men had an STD, is dif® cult to make.…”

Development and Validation of a Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics-Based Risk-Score Algorithm for Targeting HIV Testing Among Adults in Kenya

“…Furthermore, several studies have shown that polygamous marriage [29,30], widowed status [31][32][33], or separated/divorced status [32][33][34]; having multiple sexual partners [31,34,35]; having a new sexual partner [31,35]; having an STI [31,35]; and uncircumcised status among men [43][44][45] are associated with higher risk of HIV infection. Some studies have shown an association between HIV risk and higher socioeconomic status/employment/having income [31,[64][65][66][67], others have shown an association with low socioeconomic status [68,69], while others have demonstrated a mixed association [70,71] or no association [72][73][74][75]. Although we did not assess socioeconomic status directly, we found manual/domestic or trade/sales/service occupations were associated with higher risk of HIV infection, which might be explained by an unidentified interplay between source of income and behavior, including increased opportunity for social interaction and travel.…”

Socioeconomic Status as a Risk Factor for Hiv Infection in Women in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Systematic Review

“…Primary education (female) OR 1·7 (1·1-2·4) Moses et al (1994) Kenya (Nairobi) No association. April 1991-January 1992 Kapiga et al (1994) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Positive February 1991-June 1992 OR 1·88 (1·07-3·29): some education increases risk for women Bulterys et al (1994) Butare …”

“…Of these 36 studies, 30 were cross-sectional (including two ecological studies (Armstrong, 2000;Auvert et al, 2001a), and the outcome measure was the prevalence of HIV infection in 26 of these studies. Two studies used low condom use as a proxy for HIV infection and risky sexual practices (Kirigia & Muthuri, 1999;Lagarde et al, 2001), another two used risky sexual behaviour (defined as multiple regular partners or many casual partners or two or more partners in the past two months as a proxy for HIV infection: Moses et al, 1994;Kapiga & Lugalla, 2002). The only case-control study reviewed similarly used HIV prevalence as an outcome measure (Quigley et al, 2000).…”

“…Two looked only at male and female occupation (Ryder et al, 1990;Lallemant et al, 1992), only female occupation (Moses et al, 1994) or the education of the male partner (Msuya et al, 2002). Similar to the negative studies, only three of these studies (out of twelve) included a measurement of male SES (Ryder et al, 1990;Lallemant et al, 1992;Msuya et al, 2002).…”

Genital ulcer disease among STD clinic attenders in Nairobi: association with HIV-1 and circumcision status

“…Married men were also more likely to report a genital ulcer in the past and to have visited prostitutes. In another study carried out in Nairobi, in which STD patients were compared to non-STD clinic patients 18 , married men, especially those living with their spouses, appeared to be at a lower risk of contracting STDs, either urethritis or a genital ulcer, than unmarried men. However, a comparison with our study, in which all men had an STD, is dif® cult to make.…”

Development and Validation of a Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics-Based Risk-Score Algorithm for Targeting HIV Testing Among Adults in Kenya

“…Furthermore, several studies have shown that polygamous marriage [29,30], widowed status [31][32][33], or separated/divorced status [32][33][34]; having multiple sexual partners [31,34,35]; having a new sexual partner [31,35]; having an STI [31,35]; and uncircumcised status among men [43][44][45] are associated with higher risk of HIV infection. Some studies have shown an association between HIV risk and higher socioeconomic status/employment/having income [31,[64][65][66][67], others have shown an association with low socioeconomic status [68,69], while others have demonstrated a mixed association [70,71] or no association [72][73][74][75]. Although we did not assess socioeconomic status directly, we found manual/domestic or trade/sales/service occupations were associated with higher risk of HIV infection, which might be explained by an unidentified interplay between source of income and behavior, including increased opportunity for social interaction and travel.…”