Sex‐Related Differences of Bone Mineral Content in Low Birthweight Infants Fed Cow's Milk Formula

Rubinacci, Alessandro; Moro, Guido; Resmini, Giuseppina; Fulconis, F.; Tessari, L; Minoli, I; Räihä, Niels C. R.

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11570.x

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Since very low birth weight, short length and shortened gestation reflect extreme prematurity, it follows that QUS evaluation is able to proportionally detect the impact of preterm birth upon bone development, thus confirming the original observation of Nemet et al (24) that even tibial SOS is negatively correlated to postnatal age. The fact that QUS evaluation of the humerus failed to confirm the sex-related difference in BMC revealed by SPA evaluation of the radius (14) might be due to the fact that these differences are site specific. It was, in fact, observed that the differences in bone density due to sex were significant only for the radius and femur and not for the humerus (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Single-photon (SPA) in the past (12)(13)(14) and dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) today (6, 7, 15 -17) have been applied to assess mineral accretion in LBW and VLBW infants. Despite the great advantage over SPA in terms of accuracy and reproducibility and the low radiation exposure (18), DXA does not overcome the typical limits of absorptiometry in longitudinal studies in preterm infants because of the cumulative radiation dose and the stress of transport to and restraint in the unit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative ultrasound for the assessment of osteopenia in preterm infants

Rubinacci¹,

Moro²,

Boehm³

et al. 2003

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: To evaluate the potential role of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) investigation in assessing the osteopenia of prematurity. Design: QUS parameters measured at the time of discharge were related to the anthropometric characteristics and age (postnatal and gestational) of 51 (34 female and 17 male) preterm infants fed fortified human milk. Methods: QUS evaluation was performed at the humerus (h) by measuring two parameters: ultrasound velocity (hSOS, in m/s) and bone transmission time (hBTT, in ms). A group of 43 term infants (29 female and 14 male) was also evaluated. Results: In preterm infants, significant correlations were found for hSOS and hBTT vs gestational age (r ¼ 0.504, 0.477, P , 0.0001), length (r ¼ 0.641, 0.594, P , 0.0001) and weight (r ¼ 0.580, 0.562, P , 0.0001) at birth, and length (r ¼ 0.341, 0.332, P , 0.05) and weight (r ¼ 0.331, r ¼ 0.362, P , 0.05) at QUS measurement. In preterm infants, both QUS parameters were negatively correlated with age (r ¼ 2 0.536, P , 0.0001, r ¼ 2 0.443, P , 0.001) and were significantly lower than in the term infants (hSOS: 1664^42 m/s vs 1734^28 m/s, P , 0.0001; hBTT: 0.58^0.24 ms vs 1.06^0.15 ms, P , 0.0001) even when adjusted for body length (P , 0.05). In preterm infants, hSOS was also negatively correlated with postconceptional age (r ¼ 2 0.322, P , 0.05).Conclusions: This study suggests that bone mineral accrual is mainly determined by the development in utero, and that prematurity induces a halt in the bone development process in the early postnatal period. QUS parameters are correlated with the severity of prematurity and might therefore have clinical applications when bone maturation in early life needs to be determined.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative ultrasound for the assessment of osteopenia in preterm infants

Rubinacci¹,

Moro²,

Boehm³

et al. 2003

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurement of Bone Mineral Content in Newborns: Validation of the Technique

et al. 1992

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ABSTRACT. To evaluate the applicability of dual energy x-ray bone absorptiometry in newborns, precision and accuracy of the method was tested for very small quantities of mineral ranging from less than 0.5 g to about 4 g of hydroxyapatite using a Hologic QDR 1000 instrument. For six femurs excised from preterm stillborns, the mean precision for bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) was 1.2 and 0.870, respectively. Accuracy based on ash weight indicated a mean overestimation of about 7%. In vivo, the precision was assessed by measuring lumbar spine BMC and BMD (L1 to L5) two or three times in 10 newborns (gestational age, 33 to 40 wk). The mean coefficients of variation were 2.40 and 1.55% for BMC and BMD, respectively. Lumbar spine BMC and BMD were also measured once in 30 full-term infants. Values ranged from 1.17 to 3.90 g for BMC and from 0.192 to 0.356 g/cm2 for BMD. The present study shows that dual energy x-ray absorptiometry provides a valuable new tool for the assessment and management of BMC in low birth weight infants and neonates in general. (Pediatu Res 32: 77-80,1992) Abbreviations BL, birth length BMC, bone mineral content BMD, bone mineral density BW, birth weight DXA, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry EDE, effective dose equivalent HAP, hydroxyapatite rem, roentgen-equivalent-man uhr, ultra high resolution BMCf, standard mode of BMC determination GA, gestational age Precise measurement of BMC in neonates is of great interest, especially for assessing skeletal changes in very low BW premature babies. In recent years, measurements were performed with single photon absorptiometers using an isotopic source of iodine (1-7). The results obtained were limited to the BMC estimate of the forearm or humerus and the mean precision of the method was rather low, ranging from 4 to 14% with repositioning (8-1 1) and from 1.1 to 3% without repositioning (12, 13). Recently, interesting results were also obtained by dual energy radiographic densitomety in preterm infants maintained in their incubators (14), but to our knowledge no study using dual photon absorptiometry for the measurement of the spine bone density in newborns has been reported.To achieve such measurements with precision, two main problems have to be solved. First, the system used must be able to measure very small quantities of mineral, about 2.5 g or less of HAP for the whole lumbar spine, and, second, the measurement must be done in a very short time (about 3 min or less) to avoid heavy sedation of the infant. The introduction of DXA provided new perspectives for these measurements (1 5), based on its high precision, low radiation dose, and short measurement time.In the present study, we used DXA to measure lumbar spine BMC in newborns. Our aim was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the method and to define the normal BMC and BMD values for the lumbar spine in full-term newborns. MATERIALS AND METHODSAll of the measurements were performed on a Hologic QDR 1000 densitometer (Hologic, Inc., Waltham, MA). This system w...

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Sex‐Related Differences of Bone Mineral Content in Low Birthweight Infants Fed Cow's Milk Formula

Cited by 2 publications

References 11 publications

Quantitative ultrasound for the assessment of osteopenia in preterm infants

Quantitative ultrasound for the assessment of osteopenia in preterm infants

Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurement of Bone Mineral Content in Newborns: Validation of the Technique

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