Sex Liability to Single Structural Defects

Abstract

\s=b\ Forty-two of 52 single, localized defects of morphogenesis showed a nonrandom predeliction to one sex. For some of these malformations, the sex liability may be explained on the basis of normal anatomic or hormonal differences between the sexes. For example, the male excess of "prune belly" or triad syndrome is considered due to the fact that most cases are secondary to obstruction in the penile urethra, and the male excess of pyloric stenosis is hypothesized as being secondary to the muscle hypertrophying effect of testosterone in the male neonate. The sex differences for most of the defects suggest that genes on the X and/ or Y chromosome exert a role in morphogenesis that extends well beyond the development of sex-related structures.(Am J Dis Child 132: [970][971][972] 1978)

Sex Differences in Patent Ductus Arteriosus Incidence and Response to Pharmacological Treatment in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

“…Finally, we analyzed the effect of the gestational age of the cohort on the results of the meta-analysis. Since the incidence of term PDA is higher in girls than in boys [ 7 , 8 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], it would possible that those studies including more mature infants had a different sex ratio than those exclusively focused on extremely preterm infants. However, neither the meta-regression nor the subgroup study confirmed this hypothesis.…”

Glimpses at the History of Sex Ratio Studies

“…Increased SRs have been reported for some human malformations [36] and in some parental disorders [37 -39]. Other variables reported to be associated with an increase in the SR are large family size, high ancestral longevity, paternal baldness, excessive coffee-drinking, intensive coital frequency and illegitimacy [40].…”

Bilateral cleft lip, jaw, and palate in a female Holstein calf

“…However, the two cases reported by Oryan et al (2011) were male and had cleft palate and lip in combination with arthrogryposis. In human, it is well established that most forms of congenital malformation affect one sex more than the other (Arena and Smith 1978;Lubinsky 1997). James (2000) suggested that maternal hormone profiles might affect the form of facial clefts.…”