Sex differences in the association between marital status and the risk of cardiovascular, cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7,881,040 individuals

Wang, Yafeng; Jiao, Yurui; Nie, Jing; O’Neil, Adrienne; Huang, Wentao; Zhang, Lei; Jian-zhi, Han; Líu, Hao; Zhu, Yun; Yu, Chuanhua; Woodward, Mark

doi:10.1186/s41256-020-00133-8

Cited by 88 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Collectively, our results on gender and marital status replicate findings from previous infectious disease outbreaks 3,15 and the current COVID-19 pandemic (based on both an international and a South Korean sample 8,10 ). These findings echo a broader pattern of risk that has emerged in epidemiological research, whereby being female and being married has been linked to the reduced risk of disease and of all-cause mortality 16 . Adding to this body of research, our findings highlight how being willing to adopt health-promoting behaviours during a pandemic may contribute to the resilience of these demographic groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Behavioral Changes During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Results Of A National Survey in Singapore

Long

Liu

2020

Preprint

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Introduction: As part of infection control measures for COVID-19, individuals have been encouraged to adopt both preventive (e.g., handwashing) and avoidant behavioural changes (e.g., avoiding crowds). In this study, we examined whether demographics predicted the likelihood that a person would adopt these behaviours in Singapore. Materials and Methods: 1145 participants responded to an online survey conducted between 7 March - 21 April 2020. As part of the survey, we collected demographic information and asked participants to report which of 17 behaviour changes they had undertaken because of the outbreak. We ran regression models to predict, using demographic information: (1) the total number of behavioural changes undertaken, (2) the number of preventive changes undertaken, and (3) the number of avoidant changes undertaken. Finally, we sought to identify predictors of persons who: (4) declared that they had not undertaken any of these measures following the outbreak. Results: Females and those who were younger adopted more preventive behaviours: whereas females were more likely to increase handwashing frequency, younger individuals were more likely to wear face masks prior to legislation. Females and those who were married adopted more avoidant behaviours, with both groups avoiding crowded areas and staying home more than usual. Females also voluntarily reduced physical contact, whereas those who were married chose outdoor venues and relied on online shopping. Conclusion: Our characterisation of behavioural changes provides a baseline for public health advisories. Moving forward, local health authorities can focus their efforts to encourage segments of the population who do not readily adopt infection control measures against COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Behavioral Changes During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Results Of A National Survey in Singapore

Long

Liu

2020

Preprint

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“…Ethnicity was categorized as ‘Han’ (majority ethnic group in China), and ‘other ethnicities’ (respondents who belong to the remaining ethnicities) 6 . Sex was categorized as either male or female, and marital status was grouped as either married or unmarried 16 . Area of residence was classified into urban or rural areas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Awareness, treatment, control, and determinants of dyslipidemia among adults in China

Opoku

Gan

Yobo

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Effective management of dyslipidemia is important. This study aimed to determine the awareness, treatment, control, and determinants of dyslipidemia in middle-aged and older Chinese adults in China. Using data from the 2015 China National Stroke Screening and Prevention Project (CNSSPP), a nationally representative sample of 135,403 Chinese adults aged 40 years or more were included in this analysis. Dyslipidemia was defined by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults final report (NCEP-ATP III) and the 2016 Chinese guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in adults. Models were constructed to adjust for subjects’ characteristics with bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Overall, 51.1% of the subjects were women. Sixty-four percent were aware of their condition, of whom 18.9% received treatment, and of whom 7.2% had adequately controlled dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia treatment was higher in men from rural areas than their urban counterparts. The multivariable logistic regression models revealed that women, urban residents, and general obesity were positively related to awareness. Women, married respondents, and current drinkers had higher odds of treatment. Age group, overweight, general obesity, urban residence, and women were independent determinants of control. Dyslipidemia awareness rate was moderately high, but treatment and control rates were low. Results can be used to develop policies and health promotion strategies with special focus on middle-aged and older adults.

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“…Oth-ers disagree and believe that there is a significant association between stress and marital status, thus the marital status of an individual can be a source of stress due to the responsibility and pressure on an individual (Nyamwata et al, 2017). Married workers are more stressed than unmarried workers (Ghafoor et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2015;APA, 2010) and Huda reports that, married nurses have a 74.6% of work related stress (WRS), Yet another school of thought is of the view that, single or unmarried workers are more stress than the married (Howells et al, 2020) and unmarried nurses are at higher risk of heart diseases and cancer (Siddiqui et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2020;Fuente et al, 2018a) even a category of singles (windowed or divorced) have a significantly higher stress level than the married due to emotional distress (Young . This is because married men tend to have a friend to aid in stress relief and women tend to have a provider to aid in relief (Kohen & Kaplan, 2016).…”

Section: Marital Status and Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Differences in Experiencing Occupational Stress—A Case Study on Nurses of Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH)

Osei-Mireku¹,

Wang²,

Lartey³

et al. 2020

OJBM

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The concept of stress has been a long and lingering topic of research for ages. Stress in nurses in particular is no exception. Occupational stress is the threats of a job that workers face in the line of duty. However, one cannot separate the stress that already exists in their individual lives from those they face in line of duty. It is, therefore, undoubtedly possible that the level of occupational stress recorded may not be solely occupational problems. This paper seeks to find out the level of stress in nurses of TTH and whether individual differences affect the stress levels of nurses taking gender, age and marital status into consideration. The study used the Wieman Occupational stress scale to measure stress level; t-test, One-Way and Three-Way ANOVA were used to determine the relationship between individual differences and levels of stress. Per the study, TTH records a mean score of 43.47 and an individual average score of 2.88 thus, 29% above normal stress level (baseline score: 33.75, 2.25 WOSS) indicating a generally high stress level among the nurses. A sample size of 452 revealed that there is a significant association between stress and gender (p = 0.041) and male nurses were more stressed than female nurses. There was also a significant association between age and level of stress (p = 0.00), where younger nurses (20-30 years) were more stressed than older nurses (30-40 years and above 40 years). However, no significant association was found between marital status and occupational stress. Although combined together, these three variables do not affect stress, the results for individual variables report the need for management and researchers to integrate individual differences when investigating or managing occupational stress.

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Sex differences in the association between marital status and the risk of cardiovascular, cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7,881,040 individuals

Cited by 88 publications

References 78 publications

Behavioral Changes During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Results Of A National Survey in Singapore

Behavioral Changes During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Results Of A National Survey in Singapore

Awareness, treatment, control, and determinants of dyslipidemia among adults in China

Individual Differences in Experiencing Occupational Stress—A Case Study on Nurses of Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH)

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