Sex determination with morphological characteristics of the skull by using 3D modeling techniques in computerized tomography

Abstract

Sex determination is a major area of investigation in forensic anthropology. As technology has advanced, imaging methods such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are being investigated as alternatives to conventional forensic anthropological research techniques. This study aimed to investigate the suitability of three-dimensional (3D) modeling of volumetric cranial computed tomography (CCT) images for sex estimation from skull morphology. In this study, CCT angiography images from the Department of Radiology 2017 archives were used retrospectively, and 3D images were obtained after the reconstruction of 85 cases of CCT images. The sex-dependent morphological characteristics of the skull were evaluated by three blinded observers and scored on a scale of 1-5 points according to the "Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains". The accurate sex estimation rates of the first, second and third observers were 91.8, 92.9 and 92.9%, respectively. The rate of accurate sex estimation for males was 98-100%, while this rate varied between 83.3-86.1% for females. Consistency in sex estimation between the three observers was 83.5%, with a Kappa value of 0.763 (z = 12.2; p = 0.0001*). The glabella was the most effective morphological trait used to estimate sex. The results of this study show that sex can be estimated from morphological features in volume-rendered CCT 3D images. Thus, sex can be estimated by digital images without the need for maceration processes, and the transfer of digital data in place of physical material will make it possible to gain expert opinions in forensic anthropology.

Evaluation of the (hu)MANid program for sex and ancestry estimation in a diverse, contemporary CT scan‐based sample

“…Prior work has suggested high accuracy and reliability of CT scan data relative to physical samples (e.g [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]; but see [ 53 ]). Studies have demonstrated that equivalent levels of accuracy of sex prediction can be achieved through the application of non‐metric traits to CT scan samples as what has been documented in dry skeletal material [ 49 , 51 ].…”

A novel method for producing 3D models of paranasal sinuses for forensic anthropology applications

“…Research 18 has also shown no significant difference between models produced from commercial and free software. Furthermore, the precision and accuracy of 3D models produced from CT scans is well documented [19][20][21] . This capability contrasts with other professional viewing platforms which due to high costs and insufficient accessibility are not practical for research or use in a forensic science context.…”

Developmental changes of the facial skeleton from birth to 18 years within a South African cohort (A computed tomography study)

“…These regions develop at different rates to one another Ross and Williams 2010; as well as at different rates to the rest of the body , as the viscerocranium growth is regulated by the developing paranasal air sinuses, the sensory organs and tooth eruptions (Ross and Williams 2010). The major studies which report on the viscerocranium as a whole focus mainly on the shape differences in adult samples (Chovalopoulou et al, 2017;Dereli et al, 2018). A review of the available literature revealed that there is a paucity of knowledge on the development of the entire viscerocranium in a subadult South African cohort of African ancestry.…”