Sex chromosome trisomies are not associated with atypical lateralisation for language

Wilson, Alexander C.; Bishop, Dorothy V. M.

doi:10.1101/248286

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Language lateralization in sex chromosome trisomies has also been investigated using functional imaging. One study found that KS men were less lateralized than a control group (van Rijn et al, 2008), but this finding has not been replicated (Wallentin et al, 2016), and a recent study failed to find atypical lateralization for any of the sex chromosome trisomies (Wilson and Bishop, 2018b).…”

Section: Language and Gender In Disorders And In The Diseased Brainmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gender differences in language are small but matter for disorders

Wallentin

2020

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

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Language is omnipresent in human life and therefore also in the brain. Gender differences in language can be signs of cognitive differences, but can also by themselves be the cause for such differences. Females have a slight linguistic advantage to males, but effect sizes are small and gender explains very little of the variance seen in the normal population (1-2%). However, males outnumber females in the lowest 10 th percentile in language tests (2:1), causing males to more often be diagnosed with developmental disorders which rely on tests of language development. Thus, gender differences in language are negligible, if you focus on the whole population, but if you focus on language deficits, gender differences are outspoken. Differences in voice and word-use can be observed among the genders, making it possible to predict gender from these measures with a high degree of certainty. A subtle finding is that women use more 1 st person pronouns. This is also observed in depression which is more prevalent in females, opening up for a potential link. Sex chromosome trisomies are often accompanied by language deficits, but the causes for this are not known. No gender differences are observed in the linguistic symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders. Post-stroke aphasia is more prevalent among women than among men, but this seems to be an age-effect. A link between the brain and gender differences in language is thus missing.

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Section: Language and Gender In Disorders And In The Diseased Brainmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gender differences in language are small but matter for disorders

Wallentin

2020

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

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“…In addition, handedness and language laterality were assessed. Results from laterality assessments were unremarkable and are not considered further here ( Wilson & Bishop, 2018a ; Wilson & Bishop, 2018b ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stage 1 Registered Report: Variation in neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with sex chromosome trisomies: protocol for a test of the double hit hypothesis

et al. 2018

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: The presence of an extra sex chromosome is associated with an increased rate of neurodevelopmental difficulties involving language. Group averages, however, obscure a wide range of outcomes. The 'double hit' hypothesis proposes that the adverse impact of the extra sex chromosome is amplified when genes that are expressed from the sex chromosomes interact with autosomal variants that usually have only mild effects. genes are expressed from X and Y chromosomes; they play an important role in synaptic development and have been implicated in neurodevelopment. We predict that the impact of an additional sex chromosome on neurodevelopment will be correlated with common autosomal variants involved in related synaptic functions. We describe here an analysis plan for testing this hypothesis using existing data. The analysis of genotype-phenotype associations will be conducted after this plan is published and peer-reviewed Neurodevelopmental data and DNA are available for 130 children with sex chromosome trisomies (SCTs: 42 girls with trisomy X, 43 boys with Klinefelter syndrome, and 45 boys with XYY). Children from a twin study using the same phenotype measures will form two comparison groups (Ns = 184 and 186). Three indicators of a neurodevelopment disorder phenotype will be used: (i) Standard score on a test of nonword repetition; (ii). A language factor score derived from a test battery; (iii) A general scale of neurodevelopmental challenges based on all available information. Autosomal genes were identified by literature search on the basis of prior association with (a) speech/language/reading phenotypes and (b) synaptic function. Preselected regions of two genes scoring high on both criteria, and , will be tested for association with neurodevelopmental outcomes using Generalised Structural Component Analysis. We predict the association with one or both genes will be detectable in children with SCTs and stronger than in the comparison samples.

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“…In dyslexic brains, hypoactivation of the left occipital-temporal region during language tasks ( 317 ) and underdevelopment of the left frontal gyrus have been observed, especially among populations that use logographic letters, such as Chinese ( 318 ). Brains of KS have been reported to show a similar lack of dominance when processing language tasks ( 319 , 320 ), although not all ( 321 ).…”

Section: Expectation Mismatch On Perceptual Input Will Lead To Uneven...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Giftedness and atypical sexual differentiation: enhanced perceptual functioning through estrogen deficiency instead of androgen excess

Sakaguchi,

Tawata

2024

Front. Endocrinol.

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Syndromic autism spectrum conditions (ASC), such as Klinefelter syndrome, also manifest hypogonadism. Compared to the popular Extreme Male Brain theory, the Enhanced Perceptual Functioning model explains the connection between ASC, savant traits, and giftedness more seamlessly, and their co-emergence with atypical sexual differentiation. Overexcitability of primary sensory inputs generates a relative enhancement of local to global processing of stimuli, hindering the abstraction of communication signals, in contrast to the extraordinary local information processing skills in some individuals. Weaker inhibitory function through gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and the atypicality of synapse formation lead to this difference, and the formation of unique neural circuits that process external information. Additionally, deficiency in monitoring inner sensory information leads to alexithymia (inability to distinguish one’s own emotions), which can be caused by hypoactivity of estrogen and oxytocin in the interoceptive neural circuits, comprising the anterior insular and cingulate gyri. These areas are also part of the Salience Network, which switches between the Central Executive Network for external tasks and the Default Mode Network for self-referential mind wandering. Exploring the possibility that estrogen deficiency since early development interrupts GABA shift, causing sensory processing atypicality, it helps to evaluate the co-occurrence of ASC with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, and schizophrenia based on phenotypic and physiological bases. It also provides clues for understanding the common underpinnings of these neurodevelopmental disorders and gifted populations.

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Sex chromosome trisomies are not associated with atypical lateralisation for language

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

Gender differences in language are small but matter for disorders

Gender differences in language are small but matter for disorders

Stage 1 Registered Report: Variation in neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with sex chromosome trisomies: protocol for a test of the double hit hypothesis

Giftedness and atypical sexual differentiation: enhanced perceptual functioning through estrogen deficiency instead of androgen excess

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