Severity of depression and risk for subsequent dementia: cohort studies in China and the UK

Chen, Ruoling; Zhi, Hu; Li, Wei; Xia, Qing; McCracken, Cherie; Copeland, J. R. M.

doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.044974

Cited by 112 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…11 Our findings add to the existing literature by demonstrating a monotonic increase in dementia risk as a function of EDS in a community sample. In contrast to a previous report of increased dementia risk only in severe depression, 26 we observed an increased risk in individuals whose CES-D scores were sufficiently elevated to be considered clinically significant but whose symptoms were not severe enough to warrant hospitalization, and for most participants, did not result in treatment of any kind.…”

Section: Figure 2 Kaplan-meier Survival Curve Of Time To Incidence Ofcontrasting

confidence: 55%

Recurrent depressive symptoms and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment

Dotson¹,

Beydoun²,

Zonderman³

2010

Neurology

324

196

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Objective: A history of depression has been linked to an increased dementia risk. This risk may be particularly high in recurrent depression due to repeated brain insult. We investigated whether there is a dose-dependent relationship between the number of episodes of elevated depressive symptoms (EDS) and the risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.Methods: A total of 1,239 older adults from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were followed for a median of 24.7 years. Diagnoses of MCI and dementia were made based on prospective data. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale at 1-to 2-year intervals and were considered to have an EDS if their score was Ն16. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank test for trend for survivor functions, and Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to examine the risk of MCI and dementia by number of EDS. Results:We observed a monotonic increase in risk for all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease as a function of the number of EDS. Each episode was associated with a 14% increase in risk for all-cause dementia. Having 1 EDS conferred an 87%-92% increase in dementia risk, while having 2 or more episodes nearly doubled the risk. Recurrence of EDS did not increase the risk of incident MCI. Conclusions:Our findings support the hypothesis that depression is a risk factor for dementia and suggest that recurrent depression is particularly pernicious. Preventing the recurrence of depression in older adults may prevent or delay the onset of dementia. Neurology Late-life depression is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. Converging evidence suggests that depressive symptoms (DS) and major depression are prevalent in dementia, 1 but whether depression is a prodrome of dementia 2,3 or a risk factor for dementia 4,5 or they simply have similar neuropathologic substrates 6 is a matter of dispute. According to a recent meta-analysis, 7 the preponderance of evidence supports 3 possible hypotheses to explain the association between depression and dementia: 1) depression is a prodrome of dementia, 2) depression affects the threshold for manifesting dementia, or 3) depression leads to hippocampal damage through a glucocorticoid cascade, thus contributing to the development of dementia.The latter hypothesis proposes that glucocorticoid hypersecretion observed in some individuals with major depression increases neuronal death in the hippocampus due to overexpression of glucocorticoid receptors in that region.8 Based on this model, recurrent depressive episodes would be expected to result in greater hippocampal damage due to repeated insults to the brain.Editorial,

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Section: Figure 2 Kaplan-meier Survival Curve Of Time To Incidence Ofcontrasting

confidence: 55%

Recurrent depressive symptoms and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment

Dotson¹,

Beydoun²,

Zonderman³

2010

Neurology

324

196

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Depression was associated with the risk of AD in many previous studies [44,45,46]. Depression is more prevalent in elderly Korean persons than in elderly persons in other Asian and Western countries [47,48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, the depression-conferred risk of AD may not be uniform across the severity of depression. Chen et al [46] reported that incident dementia was associated with the most severe depressive syndromes but not with mild depression. Similarly, the risk of AD increased with increased severity of depression in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Korean Elderly

Bae

Kim

Han

et al. 2014

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Background/Aims: Knowledge of incidence rates and risk factors is essential for the development of strategies to treat patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: A subpopulation of the Nationwide Survey on Dementia Epidemiology (460 Korean subjects aged ≥65 years from 2 rural and 2 urban districts) was followed up for 3.5 years. The age-specific incidence was estimated and risk factors were identified. Results: The age-standardized incidence of AD and MCI was 7.9 and 28.1 cases per 1,000 person-years, respectively. MCI was associated with a 6-fold increased risk of AD. Depression was a risk factor for AD with MCI. Age, lack of formal education, illiteracy, rural residence, and marital status were associated with the risk of AD. Conclusion: Strategies to control modifiable risk factors should be implemented to decrease the incidence of AD. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

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“…In some studies it was revealed that marriage has been shown to be a protective factor against depression in the elderly 23,8 . The findings of this study are similar to other studies conducted in health clinics in Malaysia 24 .…”

Section: Socio-demographic Correlates and Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-demographic Correlates of Depression Among Elderly Slum Dwellers of North India

Goel

Muzammil

Kumar

et al. 2014

Nepal J Epidemiology

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BackgroundAgeing is an inevitable process which begins before birth and continues throughout the life. Though depression is the commonest psychiatric disorder in the elderly, it is commonly misdiagnosed and under treated. The objective of the current study is to know the socio-demographic correlates of depressive disorders amongst elderly. Corresponding Author Materials and MethodsA cross-sectional community based study was designed and conducted in an urban slum of Muzaffarnagar city, of North India, comprising of 403 elderly aged 60 years and above for a period of 6 months. First of all, the listing of elderly in the study area was done then study was started with the randomly selected name entered in list as the first one and thereafter every second elderly was interviewed alternatively with the help of predesigned proforma. The collected data was subjected to suitable statistical analysis. ResultsAs the age advances the depressive disorders also increase. The prevalence of depressive disorders was found to be 9.4% and it has been observed to double with advancement of one decade of years in the age. It has been noted that there is statistically significant association between decadal age advancement and rise in number of cases of depression. No significant difference in the occurrence of depressive disorders among male and female elderly population has been found. ConclusionA holistic approach to underlying causes of problems of elderly should be undertaken. There is need of strengthening the existing "package" of services for elderly in various initiatives and programmes.

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Severity of depression and risk for subsequent dementia: cohort studies in China and the UK

Abstract: Only the most severe syndromes and cases of depression are a risk factor for dementia.

Cited by 112 publications

References 25 publications

Recurrent depressive symptoms and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment

Recurrent depressive symptoms and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Korean Elderly

Socio-demographic Correlates of Depression Among Elderly Slum Dwellers of North India

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