Serum interleukin-6 in schizophrenia: A system review and meta-analysis

Zhou, Xin; Tian, Bo; Han, Hai-Bin

doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155441

Cited by 39 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This cascade leads to neuroinflammation and contributes to structural changes, in particular, the pruning of the synapses [57,58] (Figure 1B). Neuroinflammation was observed in severe psychiatric disorders [64], such as major depressive disorder [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72], schizophrenia [73][74][75][76], and ADHD [77].…”

Section: Putative Biological Mechanism Of Psychopathological Manifest...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Youth Mental Health: A Narrative Review

et al. 2022

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Background: COVID-19 pandemic has affected the physical health, psychological wellbeing, and mental health of the whole population. Young people are among those most at risk of developing mental health symptoms or disorders related to the pandemic. Purpose: the present narrative review is aimed at providing an updated overview of the current literature concerning the psychological impact of the SARS-CoV-2 infection but also of the COVID-19 outbreak, environmental restriction, and social distancing on mental health outcomes among the youth population aged between 15 and 25 years. Methods: in December 2021, an electronic search on this topic was performed on PubMed. Relevant publications from January 2020 until December 2021 were included. Findings: 53 cross-sectional studies, 26 longitudinal studies, 4 ecological studies, 1 qualitative study, and 1 systematic review were included. We found many methodological limitations in the studies included, especially poor choice of study samples and short follow-ups. Little literature was in support of a strong relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and consequences on youth mental health. On the contrary, many studies showed how extraordinary measures to limit the spread of the virus have impacted young people in terms of onset of new mental disorders and symptoms, suicidality, and access to emergency psychiatric services. Depressive and anxiety symptoms and disorders show the greatest increase in incidence, especially in girls and young women. Conclusions: it seems important to pay attention to the mental health of young people in relation to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, studies with more robust methodologies and longer follow-ups are needed to establish precise indications for targeted interventions in this context.

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Section: Putative Biological Mechanism Of Psychopathological Manifest...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Youth Mental Health: A Narrative Review

et al. 2022

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“…The serum levels of TNF-α are elevated in schizophrenia ( 6 , 26 ). Serum levels of IL-6 ( 26 – 28 ), but not the cerebrospinal fluid levels of IL-6 ( 29 ), were also elevated in schizophrenia patients. Serum levels of QA were also elevated in psychiatric controls ( 30 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Associations Between the Kynurenine Pathway, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Hospitalized Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Study

et al. 2021

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Purpose: The kynurenine (Kyn) pathway may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This pathway shows crosstalk with proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and/or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, Kyn metabolites affect neurotransmission and cause neurotoxicity. To date, the influence of the Kyn pathway on proinflammatory cytokines and BDNF remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships of the Kyn pathway with proinflammatory cytokines, BDNF, and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.Methods: Thirty patients with schizophrenia and ten healthy control participants were recruited for this study. All patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The healthy controls were those who did not fulfill any of the diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5. The serum levels of Kyn and its metabolites, proinflammatory cytokines, and BDNF were measured in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Patients with schizophrenia were also assessed for psychiatric symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).Results: Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls showed no significant differences in the levels of Kyn and its metabolites, proinflammatory cytokines, and BDNF. A significant positive correlation was found between the serum levels of TNF-α and Kyn (r = 0.53, p = 0.0026) and the Kyn/tryptophan (Trp) value (r = 0.67, p = 0.000046) in the schizophrenia group, but not in the healthy control group.Conclusion: TNF-α affects the Kyn pathway in patients with chronic schizophrenia, but not in the healthy individuals, although serum TNF-α levels showed no difference between the two groups. Associations between the Kyn pathway and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and BDNF or psychotic symptoms might be complicated in hospitalized patients with chronic schizophrenia.

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“…Post-mortem analysis of SZ patients’ brains revealed intense microgliosis ( Bayer et al, 1999 ; Doorduin et al, 2009 ) and there is considerable evidence of upregulation in genes involved with inflammatory response, in both SZ animal models and patients ( Calabrò et al, 2015 ; Cocchi et al, 2016 ; Inta et al, 2017 ). Soluble molecular markers that positively correlate to the birth of SZ-patients include IL-8, TNF-α ( Buka et al, 2001 ; Buka et al, 2001 ), and IL-6 ( Misiak et al, 2021 ; Zhou et al, 2021 ), whereas IL-1β levels was not associated with increased risk of psychosis ( Buka et al, 2001 ; Buka et al, 2001 ). Studies in animal models of maternal immune activation showed that a single injection of IL-6 on day 12.5 of mouse pregnancy causes SZ-like behavior in the offspring (S. E. P. Smith et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Viral Infections and Neurodevelopmental Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2-associated cytokine storm during pregnancy as a possible risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorder development in post-pandemic infants

et al. 2021

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A strong association between perinatal viral infections and neurodevelopmental disorders has been established. Both the direct contact of the virus with the developing brain and the strong maternal immune response originated by viral infections can impair proper neurodevelopment. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the highly-infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently responsible for a large global outbreak and is a major public health issue. While initial studies focused on the viral impact on the respiratory system, increasing evidence suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infects other organs and tissues including the mature brain. While studies continue to determine the neuropathology associated to COVID-19, the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection to the developing brain remain largely unexplored. The present review discusses evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection may have persistent effects on the course of pregnancy and on brain development. Studies have shown that several proinflammatory mediators which are increased in the SARS-CoV-2-associated cytokine storm, are also modified in other viral infections known to increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this sense, further studies should assess the genuine effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and delivery along with an extended follow-up of the offspring, including neurocognitive, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological examination. It also remains to be determined whether and by which mechanisms SARS-CoV-2 intrauterine and early life infection could lead to an increased risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ), in the offspring.

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Serum interleukin-6 in schizophrenia: A system review and meta-analysis

Cited by 39 publications

References 54 publications

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Youth Mental Health: A Narrative Review

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Youth Mental Health: A Narrative Review

Associations Between the Kynurenine Pathway, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Hospitalized Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Study

SARS-CoV-2-associated cytokine storm during pregnancy as a possible risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorder development in post-pandemic infants

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