Serum Endocrine Fibroblast Growth Factors as Potential Biomarkers for Chronic Kidney Disease and Various Metabolic Dysfunctions in Aged Patients

Abstract

Objective To prolong the health expectancy, it is important to prevent age-related diseases, such as osteoporosis and cerebrovascular disease, which are major causes of a bedridden state. Early predictable biomarkers for these diseases are urgently required in the clinical setting. Three members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family-FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23-are designated as endocrine FGFs and play crucial roles in various metabolic processes. We tried to clarify the clinical utility of endocrine FGFs as biomarkers for agerelated diseases in elderly patients. Methods We examined the serum endocrine FGF levels and analyzed their association with various clinical parameters in 73 outpatients >60 years old as a single-center cross-sectional study. Results In a multivariable linear regression analysis, FGF19 was associated with ALT, a history of cardiovascular disease, and medication with active vitamin D3. FGF21 was associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), triglyceride level, and hypertension. FGF23 was associated with the eGFR and the serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and TRACP5b. In addition, a receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed that the measurement of FGF21 and FGF23 was useful for detecting chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications, including cardiovascular disease and metabolic bone disorder. Conclusion The measurement of FGF21 and FGF23 may be useful for evaluating CKD and its complications. Using serum endocrine FGFs as biomarkers for age-related conditions may help prevent elderly patients from entering a bedridden state.

Proposed Neuroimmune Roles of Dimethyl Fumarate, Bupropion, S-Adenosylmethionine, and Vitamin D3 in Affording a Chronically Ill Patient Sustained Relief from Inflammation and Major Depression

“…The combination of low 25(OH)D 3 and high 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 serum values is used to denote poor bone and immune health, Figure 7 . Vit-D3 deficiencies are proposed to cause: Skeletal maladies such as osteomalacia (bone softening), osteoporosis (bone brittleness), and rickets (bone deformation) [ 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 ]; Inflammatory autoimmune diseases, viz-a-vie, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and cancers [ 136 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 ], Increased susceptibility to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections [ 137 , 138 , 152 , 153 , 154 ]; and MD, which can lead to suicide [ 139 , 140 , 141 ]. …”

“…Skeletal maladies such as osteomalacia (bone softening), osteoporosis (bone brittleness), and rickets (bone deformation) [ 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 ];…”

“…Inflammatory autoimmune diseases, viz-a-vie, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and cancers [ 136 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 ],…”

Femoral marrow MRI is a non-invasive, non-irradiated and useful tool for detecting bone marrow involvement in non-Hodgkin lymphoma

“… 11 The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyze the normality of the distribution of parameters. 12 , 13 All variables with normal distributions are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, and those with log-normal distributions are expressed as the median with the interquartile range (IQR). Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from MRI evaluation to death or the date of the last follow-up.…”

MTX-HOPE is a low-dose salvage chemotherapy for aged patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma

“… 19 The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyze the normality of the distribution of parameters. 20 , 21 All variables with a normal distribution are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, and those with a log-normal distribution are expressed as the median with the interquartile range (IQR). OS was defined as the time from the start of MTX-HOPE therapy to death or the date of the last follow-up.…”