Serological differentiation of FIV-infected cats from dual-subtype feline immunodeficiency virus vaccine (Fel-O-Vax FIV) inoculated cats

Kusuhara, Hajime; Hohdatsu, Tsutomu; Seta, Takeshi; Nemoto, Kaori; Motokawa, Kenji; Gemma, Tsuyoshi; Watanabe, Rie; Huang, Can; Arai, Setsuo; Koyama, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.038

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The VGG is aware that in some parts of the world, there remains a significant prevalence of FIV seropositivity and/or infection (Bennett et al 1989, Hosie et al 1989, Friend et al 1990, Glennon et al 1991, Bandecchi et al 1992, Hitt et al 1992, Ueland and Lutz 1992, Jones et al 1995, Hofmann-Lehmann et al 1996, Yilmaz et al 2000, Lee et al 2002, Muirden 2002, Norris et al 2007, Gleich et al 2009, Ravi et al 2010, Bande et al 2012, Chang Fung Martel et al 2013, Rypula et al 2014 [EB1]. There are now discriminatory serological tests (Kusuhara et al 2007, Levy et al 2008, Westman et al 2015 and more robust polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for the diagnosis of FIV infection (Arjona et al 2007, Wang et al 2010, Morton et al 2012 [EB1]. In many countries, it is most unlikely that cat owners will be persuaded to keep their cats indoors, away from the major risk of FIV transmission (bites by infected cats).…”

Section: Vaccination Of Individual Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats

Day

Horzinek

Schultz

et al. 2016

J of Small Animal Practice

262

415

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Section: Vaccination Of Individual Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats

Day

Horzinek

Schultz

et al. 2016

J of Small Animal Practice

262

415

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In this situation, determining whether a positive FIV antibody test means the cat is truly infected with FIV, is vaccinated against FIV but not infected, or is vaccinated against FIV and also infected might be difficult. Recently, an experimental method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing that detects antibodies to multiple FIV antigens was developed in Japan (Kusuhara et al 2007). Using this method, researchers were able to distinguish FIV-vaccinated cats from FIV-infected cats with a high degree of accuracy when testing serum samples from cats in both the United States and Canada (Levy et al 2008).…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Fivmentioning

confidence: 99%

2008 American Association of Feline Practitioners' feline retrovirus management guidelines

Levy

Crawford

Hartmann

et al. 2008

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

188

216

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Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are among the most common infectious diseases of cats. Although vaccines are available for both viruses, identification and segregation of infected cats form the cornerstone for preventing new infections. Guidelines in this report have been developed for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and management of FeLV and FIV infections. All cats should be tested for FeLV and FIV infections at appropriate intervals based on individual risk assessments. This includes testing at the time of acquisition, following exposure to an infected cat or a cat of unknown infection status, prior to vaccination against FeLV or FIV, prior to entering group housing, and when cats become sick. No test is 100% accurate at all times under all conditions; results should be interpreted along with the patient's health and risk factors. Retroviral tests can diagnose only infection, not clinical disease, and cats infected with FeLV or FIV may live for many years. A decision for euthanasia should never be based solely on whether or not the cat is infected. Vaccination against FeLV is highly recommended in kittens. In adult cats, antiretroviral vaccines are considered non-core and should be administered only if a risk assessment indicates they are appropriate. Few large controlled studies have been performed using antiviral or immunomodulating drugs for the treatment of naturally infected cats. More research is needed to identify best practices to improve long-term outcomes following retroviral infections in cats.

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“…Since then, use of the vaccine has been proposed in several other countries. The vaccine is a dual‐subtype, whole‐virus vaccine containing FIV subtype A (Petaluma) and subtype D (Shizuoka) viruses inactivated with formalin and combined with an adjuvant 2,3 . Because the vaccine contains whole viruses, cats respond to immunization by producing antibodies that are indistinguishable from those produced during natural infection by currently available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and IFA tests 4–9 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, an ELISA assay was developed that attempts to differentiate FIV‐vaccinated from FIV‐infected cats by quantifying antibody reactivity to 2 FIV antigens: formalin‐fixed whole virus and a synthetic transmembrane (TM) peptide 3 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of this discriminant ELISA when plasma samples representing uninfected, vaccinated, and infected cats were evaluated in a blinded manner.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccination, Infection, or Vaccination and Infection in Cats

Levy

Crawford

Kusuhara

et al. 2008

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Serodiagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is complicated by the use of a formalin‐inactivated whole‐virus FIV vaccine. Cats respond to immunization with antibodies indistinguishable from those produced during natural infection by currently available diagnostic tests, which are unable to distinguish cats that are vaccinated against FIV, infected with FIV, or both. Hypothesis: An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detecting antibodies against formalin‐treated FIV whole virus and untreated transmembrane peptide will distinguish uninfected from infected cats, regardless of vaccination status. Animals: Blood samples were evaluated from uninfected unvaccinated cats (n = 73 samples), uninfected FIV‐vaccinated cats (n = 89), and FIV‐infected cats (n = 102, including 3 from cats that were also vaccinated). Methods: The true status of each sample was determined by virus isolation. Plasma samples were tested for FIV antibodies by a commercial FIV diagnostic assay and an experimental discriminant ELISA. Results: All samples from uninfected cats were correctly identified by the discriminant ELISA (specificity 100%). Of the samples collected from FIV‐infected cats, 99 were correctly identified as FIV‐infected (sensitivity 97.1%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: With the exception of viral isolation, the discriminant ELISA is the most reliable assay for diagnosis of FIV. A practical strategy for the diagnosis of FIV infection would be to use existing commercial FIV antibody assays as screening tests. Negative results with commercial assays are highly reliable predictors for lack of infection. Positive results can be confirmed with the discriminant ELISA. If the discriminant ELISA is negative, the cat is probably vaccinated against FIV but not infected. Positive results are likely to represent infection.

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Serological differentiation of FIV-infected cats from dual-subtype feline immunodeficiency virus vaccine (Fel-O-Vax FIV) inoculated cats

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats

WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats

2008 American Association of Feline Practitioners' feline retrovirus management guidelines

Differentiation of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccination, Infection, or Vaccination and Infection in Cats

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