Sequential modulations of stimulus-response correspondence effects depend on awareness of response conflict

Kunde, Wilfried

doi:10.3758/bf03196485

Cited by 136 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Apparently, (masked) stop signals trigger inhibitory control more efficiently when stimulus-action associations are strong compared with when these associations are recently formed and therefore relatively weak (see also Verbruggen & Logan, 2008). This is perfectly in line with previously proposed mechanisms of unconscious information processing, such as the direct parameter specification theory (Neumann, 1990), the action trigger theory (Kunde, 2003), or the evolving automaticity theory (Abrams & Greenwald, 2000). Yet, our results also reveal that extensive learning is not obligatory for unconscious influences on executive processes to unfold (see also van Gaal et al, 2009), as these were present from the first set of trials.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Dissociable Brain Mechanisms Underlying the Conscious and Unconscious Control of Behavior

Gaal¹,

Lamme²,

Fahrenfort³

et al. 2011

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

107

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General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Thus, the N2 likely reflects the initiation of inhibitory control, irrespective of conscious awareness. The P3 component was much reduced in amplitude and duration on masked versus unmasked stop trials. These patterns of differences and similarities between conscious and unconscious cognitive control processes are discussed in a framework that differentiates between feedforward and feedback connections in yielding conscious experience.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Dissociable Brain Mechanisms Underlying the Conscious and Unconscious Control of Behavior

Gaal¹,

Lamme²,

Fahrenfort³

et al. 2011

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Typically, control is assumed to require awareness (e.g., Kunde, 2003), whereas the present results clearly demonstrate that this need not be so (see also, Besner & Stolz, 1999). The results of the sequence analysis provide a further basis for an interpretation in terms of implicit control.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…Thus, if participants exert implicit control over the use of contingency information, then the contingency effect should be larger following high contingency trials than low contingency trials. In contrast, if the claim that control can be exerted without awareness is incorrect, then no sequential control should be observed (see Kunde, 2003, for the claim that Implicit Control 14 sequential control requires awareness). Thus, a finding of sequential control in the present analysis would constitute strong support for the claim that control can be exerted implicitly and challenge the conventional wisdom that sequential control necessarily reflects trial-by-trial shifts in explicit strategies.…”

Section: Sequential Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Contingency learning without awareness: Evidence for implicit control

Schmidt

Crump

Cheesman

et al. 2007

Consciousness and Cognition

168

268

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The results of four experiments provide evidence for controlled processing in the absence of awareness. Participants identified the colour of a neutral distracter word. Each of four words (e.g., MOVE) was presented in one of four colours 75% of the time (Experiments 1 and 4) or 50% of the time (Experiment 2 and 3). Colour identification was faster when the words appeared in the colour they were most often presented in relative to when they appeared in another colour, even for participants who were subjectively unaware of any contingencies between the words and colours. An analysis of sequence effects showed that participants who were unaware of the relation between distracter words and colours nonetheless controlled the impact of the word on performance depending on the nature of the previous trial. A block analysis of contingencyunaware participants revealed that contingencies were learned rapidly in the first block of trials.Experiment 3 showed that the contingency effect does not depend on level of awareness, thus ruling out explicit strategy accounts. Finally, Experiment 4 showed that the contingency effect results from behavioural control and not from semantic association or stimulus familiarity. These results thus provide evidence for implicit control. Implicit Control 3Contingency Learning without Awareness: Evidence for Implicit Control Cognitive processes that are controlled are conventionally assumed to operate in a slow, effortful, and voluntary manner (Posner & Cohen, 1984;Posner & Snyder, 1975; Shiffrin & Schnieder, 1977). Thus, when researchers discuss the influence of "controlled" processes, it is typically assumed that such processes are explicit (i.e., conscious; cf., Besner & Stolz, 1999). As such, the term "implicit control" would seem to be nonsensical, because "implicit" (i.e., unconscious) seems to preclude the possibility of control. However, etymologically speaking this is not a necessary conclusion. The Oxford English Dictionary (2001) Evidence for cognitive control, which is assumed to be explicit and strategic in nature, has been drawn from the Stroop literature (Stroop, 1935). In the Stroop task, identification of the print colour of colour words is slower when the word and ink colour are incongruent (e.g., the word GREEN in orange; GREEN orange ) than when they are congruent (e.g., ORANGE orange ; see MacLeod, 1991, for a review). Probably the most important demonstration of putatively controlled processes in the Stroop literature is the proportion congruent effect. The proportion congruent effect refers to the finding that the size of the Stroop effect is influenced by the proportion of congruent items in a block of trials (Lindsay & Jacoby, 1994;Logan & Zbrodoff, 1979). Specifically, the Stroop effect is much larger in a high proportion congruent block of trials than in a low proportion congruent block of trials. This effect is commonly attributed to Implicit Control 4 participants explicitly learning to predict the colour from the word. Specifically, because the word us...

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“…This effect was initially demonstrated by Gratton, Coles and Donchin (1992) 2004, and prime-target congruency effects: Kunde, 2003). The logic behind this observation is that conflict trials call for more control and therefore cause benefits on subsequent trials.…”

Section: Error Adaptation In Mental Arithmeticmentioning

confidence: 99%