Sepsis Management, Controversies, and Advancement in Nanotechnology: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Sepsis is a potentially dangerous infection that requires prompt identification and treatment. Emergency medicine physicians must grasp the clinical signs and laboratory results of direct and indirect organ failure, the source of infection management, and the criteria for treating sepsis and septic shock. The pathogenesis of sepsis is connected to inflammation and an excess of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which activate the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and damageassociated molecular pattern (DAMP)-PRR signaling pathways. The development of rapid, sensitive, and precise techniques for sepsis diagnosis might be aided by nanotechnology, a part of nanomedicine. Nanoparticles (NPs) such as magnetic NPs, gold NPs, fluorescent (silica and quantum dots), and lipid-based NPs have all been discussed to contribute to the detection of sepsis-related microbial infections. Because of the intrinsic and unique features of these nano-sized systems, researchers are evaluating nanotechnologybased alternatives for sepsis control. Recent advances in nanotechnology-based technologies for sepsis detection and management are discussed in this study.Databases (PubMed, Medline, PMC, Google Scholar) were used to source various studies that were carried out on sepsis in terms of assessment, types, diagnosis, and treatment controversies, with more attention being given with a focus on the most recent data, principles, and management guidelines. Priority was also given to studies published within the last 11 years, using keywords such as "sepsis guidelines," "sepsis clinical," "septic risk factors," "sepsis and nano technology," "nano particles," "sepsis controversies," and "nano diagnostic" in the search. After a filtration process, the eight most relevant studies were selected to be included in this review. The filtration process included the use of both inclusion and exclusion criteria. The excluded studies were pediatric populations, obstetrical populations, and nanotechnology advancements dealing with other fields not relating to sepsis. The selected studies were also undertaken through a quality appraisal process using corresponding assessment tools. The selected articles were all highly informative about sepsis and the processes of diagnosis and treatment that are currently in use as well as those that are still being developed or implemented. Furthermore, we look at how nanomedicine in the application of nanomaterials can be employed to efficiently manage sepsis.

Activated Carbon for Sepsis Prevention and Intervention: A Modern Way of Utilizing Old Therapies

“…The increase of AC's total adsorptive surface to 2000-2700 m 2 /g and the development of meso-and macro-pores are important for the high-adsorption kinetic of noxious substances [17,79,172]. Perspective adsorbents for sepsis prevention are carbon nanoparticles (CNP)-new carbon material [173,174]. The CNP possesses intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and modulating immune cell maturation [175].…”

Newer Advancement in Immunomodulatory Therapy in Sepsis: A Comprehensive Review

“…These interventions harness nanomaterials for both the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis. Nanoparticle-based delivery of antibiotics has yielded encouraging results in combatting drug resistance in sepsis studies, offering a promising avenue for improved treatment outcomes [ 31 ]. Furthermore, nanotherapies engineered to regulate inflammatory signals and intercept pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) hold immense promise for treating sepsis by precisely targeting the underlying inflammatory responses [ 32 ].…”

Risk factors contributing to postoperative surgical site infections in patients undergoing ankle fracture fixation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…5 In some cases, these infections can lead to acute septicemia, a life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical intervention. 6 Early onset of SSIs often necessitates urgent surgical debridement, prolonged antibiotic therapy and, in some cases, may even necessitate the removal of the surgical fixation device to control the infection. 7 The anatomical complexity of the ankle, comprising the distal ends of the tibia and fibula, and the talus, renders it especially susceptible to postoperative complications.…”

“…These include severe pain at the infection site, marked swelling and redness, which may rapidly escalate to systemic symptoms like fever, chills and tachycardia 5 . In some cases, these infections can lead to acute septicemia, a life‐threatening condition that requires prompt medical intervention 6 . Early onset of SSIs often necessitates urgent surgical debridement, prolonged antibiotic therapy and, in some cases, may even necessitate the removal of the surgical fixation device to control the infection 7 …”