Sense Ginsenosides From Ginsengs: Structure-Activity Relationship in Autophagy

Wu, Tao; Kwaku, Osafo Raymond; Li, Haizhou; Yang, Chong‐Ren; Ge, Longjiao; Xu, Min

doi:10.1177/1934578x19858223

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…A variety of active ingredients in Gujiansan can regulate the expression of autophagy-related proteins to regulate the process of autophagy. Ginsenosides from ginseng (including American ginseng and Tian Qi) can regulate autophagic activity [ 32 ]. G. lucidum triterpene extract (GLT) induces the formation of autophagic vacuoles and upregulates the protein expression of Beclin-1 and LC-3 [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gujiansan Ameliorates Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head by Regulating Autophagy via the HIF-1α/BNIP3 Pathway

Han

Chai

Zhang

et al. 2021

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Background. Clinically, the traditional Chinese medicine compound Gujiansan has been widely used in the treatment of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH). The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of Gujiansan. Methods. A rat model of SANFH was established by the injection of dexamethasone (DEX) at a high dosage of 25 mg/kg/d. Then, Gujiansan was intragastrically administered for 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks, and histological examination of the femoral head was performed. The expression levels of related mRNAs and proteins were analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, and the levels of bone biochemical markers and cytokines were detected with ELISA kits. Results. Gujiansan administration ameliorated SANFH and induced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), LC3, and Beclin-1 in the rat model in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and Gujiansan promoted osteocalcin secretion at the femoral head. In addition, Gujiansan increased the levels of bone formation- and bone resorption-specific markers (osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b), N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX-1), and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1)) and decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Conclusions. Gujiansan accelerates the formation of a new bone, promotes the absorption of the damaged bone, inhibits the inflammatory response, induces autophagy of the femoral head via the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway, and ultimately ameliorates SANFH.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gujiansan Ameliorates Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head by Regulating Autophagy via the HIF-1α/BNIP3 Pathway

Han

Chai

Zhang

et al. 2021

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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“…In terms of chemical structure, both PPD and PPT types contain hydroxyl groups at C-3, C-12, and C-20 positions, but PPD has one less hydroxyl group at position 6 than PPT. Furthermore, sugar units are linked to them in different positions such that PPD is either at C-3 or C-20, but PPT is either at C-6 or C-20 ( Wu et al, 2019b ). It is known that Panax ginseng processing involves oxidation, hydrolysis, and/or dehydration, which can produce a series of artificial compounds that are biologically active.…”

Section: Triterpenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a SAR study, different saponin chemical backbones have been shown to affect autophagy, which plays a role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Saponins of the PPT type inhibit autophagy, while saponins of the PPD type and their transformed types promote autophagy ( Wu et al, 2019b ). Stereoisomers significantly influence PNS’s pharmacological activity in particular.…”

Section: Triterpenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terpenoid natural products exert neuroprotection via the PI3K/Akt pathway

Bai²,

Chen³

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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PI3K/Akt, an essential signaling pathway widely present in cells, has been shown to be relevant to neurological disorders. As an important class of natural products, terpenoids exist in large numbers and have diverse backbones, so they have a great chance to be identified as neuroprotective agents. In this review, we described and summarized recent research for a range of terpenoid natural products associated with the PI3K/Akt pathway by classifying their basic chemical structures of the terpenes, identified by electronic searches on PubMed, Web of Science for research, and Google Scholar websites. Only articles published in English were included. Our discussion here concerned 16 natural terpenoids and their mechanisms of action, the associated diseases, and the methods of experimentation used. We also reviewed the discovery of their chemical structures and their derivatives, and some compounds have been concluded for their structure–activity relationships (SAR). As a result, terpenoids are excellent candidates for research as natural neuroprotective agents, and our content will provide a stepping stone for further research into these natural products. It may be possible for more terpenoids to serve as neuroprotective agents in the future.

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“…They are extensively used for diverse beneficial effects on myocardial infarction, stroke, and ischemia/reperfusion injury [ [20] , [21] , [22] ]. Currently, about 250 ginsenosides have been isolated and identified, which are mainly divided into three groups, protopanaxadiol (PPD, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3), protopanaxatriol (PPT, such as Re, Rf, Rg1, Rh1), and oleanolic acid (OA, such as Ro) [ 23 ]. Proteomic analysis has shown that total ginsenosides (GS) can increase the expression of proteins in the TCA cycle to enhance cardiac energy metabolism in the ischemic rat [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%