Semi-quantum Dialogue Based on Single Photons

Abstract

In this paper, we propose two semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) protocols by using single photons as the quantum carriers, where one requires the classical party to possess the measurement capability and the other does not have this requirement. The security towards active attacks from an outside Eve in the first SQD protocol is guaranteed by the complete robustness of present semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocols, the classical one-time pad encryption, the classical party's randomization operation and the decoy photon technology. The information leakage problem of the first SQD protocol is overcome by the classical party' classical basis measurements on the single photons carrying messages which makes him share their initial states with the quantum party. The security towards active attacks from Eve in the second SQD protocol is guaranteed by the classical party's randomization operation, the complete robustness of present SQKD protocol and the classical one-time pad encryption. The information leakage problem of the second SQD protocol is overcome by the quantum party' classical basis measurements on each two adjacent single photons carrying messages which makes her share their initial states with the classical party. Compared with the traditional information leakage resistant QD protocols, the advantage of the proposed SQD protocols lies in that they only require one party to have quantum capabilities. Compared with the existing SQD protocol, the advantage of the proposed SQD protocols lies in that they only employ single photons rather than two-photon entangled states as the quantum carriers. The proposed SQD protocols can be implemented with present quantum technologies.

Security and application of semi-quantum key distribution protocol for users with different quantum capabilities

“…The parameters in (24) can all be easily obtained by making observations of the channel. Then, following the values of Re⟨E 0 0,0 |E 1 1,3 ⟩ and Re⟨E 0 1,1 |E 1 0,2 ⟩ we can calculate (15), which in turn gives the value of S(T |E). So far, we have derived the bounds of H(T |A) and S(T |E), thus, the protocol's key rate can be derived.…”

“…By utilizing the error-matching measurement technique, the protocol's noise tolerance [11] can be improved at the expense of the efficiency. In additional, other types of semi-quantum cryptography protocols were also investigated, such as semi-quantum secure communication [13,14,15], semi-quantum secret sharing [16,17], and semi-quantum private comparison [18,19,20,21,22]. For a comprehensive survey of the literature, the reader is referred to reference [23].…”

Single-state semiquantum private comparison based on Bell states

“…( 41), the state of the composite system is evolved into Eq. (42). For Eve not being detectable in Step 5, the probability that TP's measurement result on the particle reflected by Alice is |1 5 should be 0.…”

“…Based on these settings, compared with the traditional quantum cryptography, semiquantum cryptography may effectively save quantum resource and quantum operations. The idea of semiquantumness has been applied into various branches of quantum cryptography so that the corresponding semiquantum cryptography branches have been established, such as SQKD [29][30][31][32][33], semiquantum secret sharing (SQSS) [34][35][36][37], semiquantum key agreement (SQKA) [38][39][40][41], semiquantum controlled secure direct communication (SQCSDC) [41] and semiquantum dialogue (SQD) [41,42], etc.…”

Measure-Resend Semi-Quantum Private Comparison Without Entanglement

“…Due to the interesting property of semi-quantumness, after invented, it was quickly absorbed into traditional QKD, QSDC, QSS, quantum key agreement (QKA), controlled deterministic secure quantum communication (CDSQC) and quantum dialogue (QD) so that SQKD [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67], semi-quantum secure direct communication (SQSDC) [54,68], semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) [69][70][71][72][73], semi-quantum key agreement (SQKA) [74][75], controlled deterministic secure semi-quantum communication (CDSSQC) [75] and semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) [75][76] were derived, respectively. Naturally, an interesting question comes out: whether the concept of semi-quantumness can be absorbed into traditional QPC to realize semi-quantum private comparison (SQPC)?…”