Self-Reported Frequency, Content, and Functions of Inner Speech

Morin, Alain; Uttl, Bob; Hamper, Breanne

doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.331

Cited by 70 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Previous research has shown that inner speech plays an important role in future thinking and, in particular, in planning processes: planning is indeed the most frequent self-reported function of inner speech (Morin et al, 2011), and future thoughts that serve a planning function are frequently represented in the form of words Stawarczyk, Cassol & D'Argembeau, 2013). The present findings dovetail nicely with these studies and further suggest that language may play some role in making causal connections between imagined events.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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The organization of prospective thinking: Evidence of event clusters in freely generated future thoughts

Demblon

D’Argembeau

2014

Consciousness and Cognition

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Recent research suggests that many imagined future events are not represented in isolation, but instead are embedded in broader event sequences-referred to as event clusters. It remains unclear, however, whether the production of event clusters reflects the underlying organizational structure of prospective thinking or whether it is an artifact of the event-cuing task in which participants are explicitly required to provide chains of associated future events.To address this issue, the present study examined whether the occurrence of event clusters in prospective thought is apparent when people are left to think freely about events that might happen in their personal future. The results showed that the succession of events participants spontaneously produced when envisioning their future frequently included event clusters. This finding provides more compelling evidence that prospective thinking involves higher-order autobiographical knowledge structures that organize imagined events in coherent themes and sequences.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Although previous research has shown that people frequently use inner speech when imagining and planning for future events (Morin, Uttl, & Hamper, 2011;, little is known about the exact function of language in prospective thinking (but see Corballis, 2008, for further discussion of this question).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The organization of prospective thinking: Evidence of event clusters in freely generated future thoughts

Demblon

D’Argembeau

2014

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…In Morin et al (2011), the technique was used as 'thought-listing', i.e., asking a large group of college students to list, retrospectively, what they usually said to themselves when engaged in IS. As Morin & Uttl (2013) point out, this method can cause recall errors: 'There is the possibility that participants may forget some actual IS occurrences or may "recall" instances that never occurred' (2013: 6-7).…”

Section: Collecting Is Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is a problem particularly blatant in self-reports, where participants are frequently not asked what language they use for covert self-verbalizations. In Morin et al (2011), 380 college students were asked to list, retrospectively, what they usually said to themselves when engaged in IS. The authors do mention that 89% of the participants were English-L1 speakers, but not whether they knew other languages.…”

Section: Collecting Is Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Going covert: Inner and private speech in language learning

Guerrero¹

2017

Lang. Teach.

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Roughly 30 years ago researchers in the second language acquisition (SLA) field started to take a focused interest in the study of inner speech (IS) and private speech (PS) processes in second language (L2) learning and use. The purpose of this review is to assess the status of current research and the progress made during the last ten years on the development and experience of covertly using a language other than the first. The review begins with a critical discussion of the challenges involved in defining and conceptualizing IS and PS. To conduct the search of relevant sources, a broad understanding of IS as 'silent speech for oneself' and PS as 'externalized speech for oneself' was adopted. After a brief synopsis of past research on L2 IS and PS, recent (2005-2015) work is discussed both from a generic-language stance and an L2, bilingual, and multilingual perspective. The review then takes a critical look at the difficult methodological issue of data collection on IS and PS, highlighting strengths and limitations in recent research. Pedagogical implications derived from the research reviewed and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

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“…For example, using a descriptive experience sampling method that relies on a beeper randomly prompting participants to record their everyday inner experience, Heavey and Hurlburt (2008) found that inner speech, along with other types of inner experience, occurred around 20% of the time as reported by college students. Morin et al (2011) used an open-format thought-listing procedure to assess the frequency, content, and functions of inner speech. They found that the most reported type of inner speech was self-talk about oneself regarding self-valuations, emotions, physical appearance, and relationships.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Differences in Frequency of Inner Speech: Differential Relations with Cognitive and Non-cognitive Factors

2016

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Inner speech plays a crucial role in behavioral regulation and the use of inner speech is very common among adults. However, less is known about individual differences in the frequency of inner speech use and about the underlying processes that may explain why people exhibit individual differences in the frequency of inner speech use. This study was conducted to investigate how individual differences in the frequency of inner speech use are related to cognitive and non-cognitive factors. Four functions of inner speech including self-criticism, self-reinforcement, self-management, and social assessment measured by an adapted version of Brinthaupt's Self-Talk Scale were examined. The cognitive factors that were considered included executive functioning and complex reasoning and the non-cognitive factors consisted of trait anxiety and impulsivity. Data were collected from a large Chinese sample. Results revealed that anxiety and impulsivity were mainly related to the frequency of the affective function of inner speech (self-criticism and self-reinforcement) and executive functions and complex reasoning were mainly related to the frequency of the cognitive, self-regulatory function of inner speech (self-management).

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Self-Reported Frequency, Content, and Functions of Inner Speech

Cited by 70 publications

References 7 publications

The organization of prospective thinking: Evidence of event clusters in freely generated future thoughts

The organization of prospective thinking: Evidence of event clusters in freely generated future thoughts

Going covert: Inner and private speech in language learning

Individual Differences in Frequency of Inner Speech: Differential Relations with Cognitive and Non-cognitive Factors

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