Self-assembly of interfacial and photoactive layers via one-step solution processing for efficient inverted organic solar cells

Kang, Hongkyu; Lee, Jinho; Jung, Sungyong; Yu, Kilho; Kwon, Sooncheol; Hong, Soon-Il; Kee, Seyoung; Lee, Seongyu; Kim, Dong-Won; Lee, Kwang-Hee

doi:10.1039/c3nr04381a

Cited by 49 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In contrast, the UV and PEI treated surface exhibit hydrophilic properties with wettable CA of 0˚ and 5.86˚, respectively. The σ s in this case is high due to the presence of polar functional groups, including hydroxyl groups (-OH) on the silicon surface and amines (-NH x ) from the PEI38. Subsequently, the σ i between the Ag film and the substrate is investigated by high-resolution N 1 s and Ag 3d X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra for samples of PEI treated Si substrates (PEI samples), Ag deposited on Si substrates (bare Ag samples) and Ag deposited on the Si substrates with PEI treatment (Ag/PEI samples).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Optimizing ultrathin Ag films for high performance oxide-metal-oxide flexible transparent electrodes through surface energy modulation and template-stripping procedures

Yang

Gao

Zhu

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Among new flexible transparent conductive electrode (TCE) candidates, ultrathin Ag film (UTAF) is attractive for its extremely low resistance and relatively high transparency. However, the performances of UTAF based TCEs critically depend on the threshold thickness for growth of continuous Ag films and the film morphologies. Here, we demonstrate that these two parameters could be strongly altered through the modulation of substrate surface energy. By minimizing the surface energy difference between the Ag film and substrate, a 9 nm UTAF with a sheet resistance down to 6.9 Ω sq−1 can be obtained using an electron-beam evaporation process. The resultant UTAF is completely continuous and exhibits smoother morphologies and smaller optical absorbances in comparison to the counterpart of granular-type Ag film at the same thickness without surface modulation. Template-stripping procedure is further developed to transfer the UTAFs to flexible polymer matrixes and construct Al2O3/Ag/MoOx (AAM) electrodes with excellent surface morphology as well as optical and electronic characteristics, including a root-mean-square roughness below 0.21 nm, a transparency up to 93.85% at 550 nm and a sheet resistance as low as 7.39 Ω sq−1. These AAM based electrodes also show superiority in mechanical robustness, thermal oxidation stability and shape memory property.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…S2). These chemical shifts indicate that the functional -NH x groups of PEI offer the unshared electron pairs to the Ag atoms to form coordinate covalent bonds and result in the weakest σ i among the three kinds of samples113839.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Optimizing ultrathin Ag films for high performance oxide-metal-oxide flexible transparent electrodes through surface energy modulation and template-stripping procedures

Yang

Gao

Zhu

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…This formed a hybrid BHJ by introducing PFT‐D, which was developed as CPEs and showed excellent HTL characteristics in our previous study . The J SC , V OC , and FF performances improved by arranging PFT‐D in the interface of the ITO electrode and BHJ . By employing this technique, a high‐performance device can be only made with a coating process for the BHJ that does not further incorporate the HTL coating process, and Device 2 (PCE = 8.7%) exhibited superior performance over Device 3 (PCE = 8.3%), which introduced PEDOT:PSS as HTLs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lee and co‐workers induced vertical phase separation by using the difference in surface energy properties in a device that was made via a one‐step coating process with the introduction of self‐assembly interfacial materials. As a result, they achieved a PCE of 6.1% …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical Phase Separation for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells Incorporating Conjugated‐Polyelectrolytes

Han

Choi

Lee

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Inter

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OSCs can be applied to various fields due to their many advantages, such as high performance, low cost, flexibility, and potential for modulation. Recently, the research on OSCs has been focused on materials with high-performance organic donors and acceptors (fullerene and nonfullerene) and device structure research, such as ternary structure and tandem structure. These studies have contributed to developing high-performance OSCs with excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 14% in single cells and 17.3% in tandem structure cells. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] OSCs are based on an active layer that has a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) structure that consists of an organic donor and acceptor, and OSCs generate excitons within the range of their optical properties. Additionally, OSCs show photovoltaic properties via the process of charge disassociation and charge transport. [11,12] Due to the limitation of the optical properties of organic donors and acceptors, carrier mobility and carrier balance are critical factors that determine the performance of OSCs. [13][14][15][16] Therefore, photogenerated carriers that have been generated in a BHJ have the disadvantage of exhibiting a lower mobility compared with inorganic semiconductor-based solar cells because of the organic semiconductor's inherent properties, such as monomolecular recombination and bimolecular recombination. [17][18][19] Additionally, certain of these photogenerated carriers return to the ground state through monomolecular trap-assisted recombination, [20][21][22] interfacial recombination, [23][24][25] and surface trap-assisted recombination, [26] and the carriers subsequently weaken the device performance because the reduction of current and internal potential occurs via a nonradiative relaxation process. [27,28] Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the carrier transport properties to improve the performance of OSCs.Recent research has reported important device structure modifications to improve the carrier transport properties of OSCs. Specifically, the carrier mobility can be increased by introducing a buffer layer through enhancing carrier transport, and the device performance can be enhanced by reducing the recombination. Hybrid organic solar cells are made through a simple one-pot coating process with conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), poly[9,9-bis(4′sulfonatobutyl)fluorenealt-thiophene-doped (PFT-D). The hybrid active layer incorporated with PFT-D shows vertical phase separation by selfassembled properties of PFT-D, which result from a molecular dipole between the conjugated backbone and the side chain. The hybrid activelayer with PFT-D shows that homogeneous morphology, surface potential properties, and hydrophobic surface properties favor for enhancing photovoltaic performance. These results are identified by contact angle characteristics, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) profiling, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force measurement (AFM), and electrostatic force measurement (EFM) analyses. With fullerene based hybrid active...

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“…However, the need of industry-level 3D printers has attracted a lot of attention from researchers and scientists in the fields of biotechnology, automotive, architecture, electrical, electronic, photonic, optical, and sensor engineering. [6][7][8][9][10] Printers' resolution is dropping under 100 micrometers (250 dot per inch (DPI)) with a typical layer thickness of 100 micrometers. The primary advantage of a 3D printer is its ability to create any shape in the micrometer range up to several meter range depending on the supporting holder.…”

Section: D Printers Developed In the Early 1980smentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in 2D/3D Printing of Functional Nanomaterials and Their Applications

Choi

Das

Theodore³

et al. 2015

ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol.

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Advanced printing techniques include innovative and/or integrated processes that are used to produce an object with enhanced functionality and with a wide range of applications. This is done by realizing printing of functional materials such as ink, paste, polymer, ceramic powder, and organic materials. Unlike conventional manufacturing methods, a new technique is needed to manipulate small objects to fabricate desired parts, as materials are scaled down to the nanometer range. In this regard, the traditional subtractive production has been changed to a bottom-up approach as device structures have changed to multilayer structures which contain several functional nanomaterials. A powder is used to fabricate an object with a desired geometry. This reduces the material loss due to the bottom-up nature of the process. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge for advanced manufacturing using two methods, 3D printing and roll-to-roll manufacturing. 3D printers developed in the early 1980s1 has created a revolution in research and development and teaching laboratories due to a substantial price drop after 2010 and an easy software called plugplay that allows most people to use it without extensive technical help.2,3 Based on economic analysis, the market for 3D printers is growing significantly. This is driven by a number of sectors including aerospace, automotive, and medical/dental and the market was worth several billions in 2013. During the last decade, the business has increased exponentially due to the 3D printing technology enabling the fabrication of complex objects with enhanced functionalities and improved material properties.4,5 Desktop 3D printers were targeted primarily at hobbyists and consumers who are not in industry. However, the need of industry-level 3D printers has attracted a lot of attention from researchers and scientists in the fields of biotechnology, automotive, architecture, electrical, electronic, photonic, optical, and sensor engineering.6-10 Printers' resolution is dropping under 100 micrometers (250 dot per inch (DPI)) with a typical layer thickness of 100 micrometers. The primary advantage of a 3D printer is its ability to create any shape in the micrometer range up to several meter range depending on the supporting holder.Over the past few years a rapid growth in the 3D printing industry has been observed as evidenced by the enormous numbers of articles published in scientific journals and patents filed as illustrated in Figure 1. Advances in the 3D printing technology will also lead to significant price drop, owing to the fact that a lot of items will be manufactured depending only upon the type and need of the customer. 11This means that household-level production will be much preferred due to broader imagination and creativity of human being. Another implication is that the manufacturing process of any item can be highly customized because altering the items will not require tooling or intensive software development.12 These simplified production processes that were...

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Self-assembly of interfacial and photoactive layers via one-step solution processing for efficient inverted organic solar cells

Cited by 49 publications

References 28 publications

Optimizing ultrathin Ag films for high performance oxide-metal-oxide flexible transparent electrodes through surface energy modulation and template-stripping procedures

Optimizing ultrathin Ag films for high performance oxide-metal-oxide flexible transparent electrodes through surface energy modulation and template-stripping procedures

Vertical Phase Separation for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells Incorporating Conjugated‐Polyelectrolytes

Advances in 2D/3D Printing of Functional Nanomaterials and Their Applications

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