Selective sulfidation of metal compounds

Stinn, Caspar; Allanore, Antoine

doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04321-5

Cited by 63 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Pyrometallurgical recycling is well ahead in terms of its ability to handle mixed battery streams, but its recovery efficiency for critical metals is far from impressive and is usually supplemented by a hydrometallurgical process. In response, Stinn and Allanore [ 25 ] demonstrated that several simple process levers (gas partial pressure, gas flow rate, and carbon addition) can selectively sulfide target metals from mixed metal oxide feed. Then they have sought to demonstrate the feasibility of 15 elements, including key elements contained in LIBs.…”

Section: Current Status Of Recycling Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

Wang

Ang

et al. 2022

Interdisciplinary Materials

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The accelerating electrification has sparked an explosion in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) consumption. As the lifespan declines, the substantial LIBs will flow into the recycling market and promise to spawn a giant recycling system. Nonetheless, since the lack of unified guiding standard and nontraceability, the recycling of end-of-life LIBs has fallen into the dilemma of low recycling rate, poor recycling efficiency, and insignificant benefits.Herein, tapping into summarizing and analyzing the current status and challenges of recycling LIBs, this outlook provides insights for the future course of full lifecycle management of LIBs, proposing gradient utilization and recycling-target predesign strategy. Further, we acknowledge some recommendations for recycling waste LIBs and anticipate a collaborative effort to advance sustainable and reliable recycling routes.

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Section: Current Status Of Recycling Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

Wang

Ang

et al. 2022

Interdisciplinary Materials

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“…Leaching kinetics is key to determining the scaling and cost of a practical leaching system, which can be used to identify interactions between unreacted particles and leaching agents, study the mechanism of chemical reactions, and reveal the nature of chemical reaction rates. [45][46][47] The leaching kinetics of LCO was studied under the above-mentioned optimal conditions, such as in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 , at 2.0 V, and in the temperature range of 25-70 °C. In general, the leaching process was controlled by the following kinetics models: 48 surface chemical reaction control model (eqn (5)) and residue layer diffusion control model (eqn (6)).…”

Section: Leaching Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cathode electrolysis for the comprehensive recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Zhao

et al. 2022

Green Chem.

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“…Based on the different solubilities of rare earth oxides and silicate components, the phosphorus acid solution was used to dissolve silica components, resulting in the enrichment of rare earth oxides . A selective sulfidation process successfully converted the alloy phase of Nd and Fe in the spent magnet materials (NdFeB) into FeS and (Nd, B) 2 O 3 with distinct particle sizes, which were then separated by sieving . All of these investigations indicate that the REE separation from transition metals can be achieved through the selective transformation of mineral or compound phases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 A selective sulfidation process successfully converted the alloy phase of Nd and Fe in the spent magnet materials (NdFeB) into FeS and (Nd, B) 2 O 3 with distinct particle sizes, which were then separated by sieving. 17 All of these investigations indicate that the REE separation from transition metals can be achieved through the selective transformation of mineral or compound phases. Sulfation is one of the most conventional mineral transformation processes to sulfatize the metals for further leaching or beneficiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Selective Transformation of Ceria Sulfation and Iron/Manganese Mineralization for Enhancing the Selective Recovery of Rare Earth Elements

Zhou

Xiao

Guo

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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To cope with the urgent and unprecedented demands for rare earth elements (REEs) in sophisticated industries, increased attention has been paid to REE recovery from recycled streams. However, the similar geochemical behaviors of REEs and transition metals often result in poor separation performance due to nonselectivity. Here, a unique approach based on the selective transformation between ceria sulfation and iron/ manganese mineralization was proposed, leading to the enhancement of the selective separation of REEs. The mechanism of the selective transformation of minerals could be ascribed to the distinct geochemical and metallurgical properties of ions, resulting in different combinations of cations and anions. According to hardsoft acid-base (HSAB) theory, the strong Lewis acid of Ce(III) was inclined to combine with the hard base of sulfates (SO 4 2− ), while the borderline acid of Fe(II)/Mn(II) prefers to interact with oxygen ions (O 2-). Both in situ characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculation further revealed that such selective transformation might trigger by the generation of an oxygen vacancy on the surface of CeO 2 , leading to the formation of Ce 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and Fe/Mn spinel. Although the electron density difference of the configurations (CeO 2−x -SO 4 , Fe 2 O 3−x -SO 4 , and MnO 2−x -SO 4 ) shared a similar direction of the electron transfer from the metals to the sulfate-based oxygen, the higher electron depletion of Ce (Q Ce = −1.91 e) than Fe (Q Fe = −1.66 e) and Mn (Q Mn = −1.64 e) indicated the higher stability in the Ce−O−S complex, resulting in the larger adsorption energy of CeO 2−x -SO 4 (−6.88 eV) compared with Fe 2 O 3−x -SO 4 (−3.10 eV) and MnO 2−x -SO 4 (−2.49 eV). This research provided new insights into the selective transformation of REEs and transition metals in pyrometallurgy and thus offered a new approach for the selective recovery of REEs from secondary resources.

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Selective sulfidation of metal compounds

Cited by 63 publications

References 76 publications

Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

Cathode electrolysis for the comprehensive recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Insights into the Selective Transformation of Ceria Sulfation and Iron/Manganese Mineralization for Enhancing the Selective Recovery of Rare Earth Elements

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