The controlled folding
of synthetic polymer chains into single-chain
polymeric nanoparticles (SCPNs) of defined size and shape in water
is a viable way to create compartmentalized, nanometer-sized structures
for a range of biological applications. Understanding the relationship
between the polymer’s microstructure and the stability of folded
structures is crucial to achieving desired applications. Here, we
introduce the solvatochromic dye Nile red into SCPNs and apply a combination
of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to relate polymer microstructure
to nanoparticle stability in complex biological media and cellular
environments. Our experimental data show that the polymer’s
microstructure has little effect on the stability of SCPNs in biological
media and cytoplasm of living cells, but only SCPNs comprising supramolecular
benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) motifs showed good stability in
lysosomes. The results indicate that the polymer’s microstructure
is vital to ensure nanoparticle stability in highly competitive environments:
both hydrophobic collapse and a structured interior are required.
Our study provides an accessible way of probing the stability of SCPNs
in cellular environments and paves the way for designing highly stable
SCPNs for efficient bio-orthogonal catalysis and sensing applications.