“…Rats use environmental (i.e., visual, auditory, olfactory) and internally generated or self-movement (i.e., vestibular, proprioceptive, efferent copies of motor commands) cues to maintain spatial orientation. Immunotoxic lesions of the medial septum have been shown to spare performance on tasks in which rats can use environmental cues to guide navigation (Baxter, Gallagher 1996; McMahan et al, 1997; Cahill and Baxter, 2001; Frielingsdorf et al, 2006); whereas, impaired performance has been observed on tasks in which rats were restricted to using trial unique self-movement cues to guide navigation (Martin, Wallace, 2007). These results are consistent with a growing literature positing a role for the hippocampal formation in the online processing of self-movement cues to maintain spatial orientation (Maaswinkel et al, 1999; Wallace, Whishaw, 2003; Martin et al, 2007; for a review see Wallace et al, 2008).…”