Selective Electrochemical Detection of Ciprofloxacin with a Porous Nafion/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composite Film Electrode

Abstract

This study focuses on the development of electrochemical sensors for the detection of Ciprofloxacin (CFX) in natural waters and wastewater effluents. The sensors are prepared by depositing a layer of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed in a porous Nafion film on to a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode substrate. The porous-Nafion-MWCNT/BDD electrode enhanced detection of CFX due to selective adsorption, which was accomplished by a combination of electrostatic attraction at -SO3(-) sites in the porous Nafion film and the formation of charge assisted hydrogen bonding between CFX and -COOH MWCNT surface functional groups. By contrast, the bare BDD electrode did not show any activity for CFX oxidation. The sensors were selective for CFX detection in the presence of other antibiotics (i.e., amoxicillin) and other nontarget water constituents (i.e., Cl(-), Ca(2+), humic acid, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, salicylic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid). A limit of detection of 5 nM (S/N = 5.04 ± 0.26) in a 0.1 M KH2PO4 supporting electrolyte (pH = 4.5) was obtained using differential pulse voltammetry. The linear dynamic ranges with respect to CFX concentration were 0.005-0.05 μM and 0.05-10 μM, and the sensitivities were 41 ± 5.2 μA μM(-1) and 2.1 ± 0.22 μA μM(-1), respectively. Sensor fouling was observed at high concentrations of some organic compounds such as 1 mM 4-aminobenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. However, a short cathodic treatment fully restores sensor response. The results indicate that these sensors have application in detecting CFX in natural waters and wastewater effluents.

Square-Wave Voltammetry Determination of Ciprofloxacin in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Milk Using a Reduced Graphene Oxide Sensor

“…13,14 Electroanalytical methods were also reported for determination of CIP employing screen-printed electrodes 15,16 and multiwalled carbonnanotube modified electrodes. 8,17,18 The need to include polymeric films associated with carbon nanotubes was reported for improving the selectivity of the sensor for the analysis of complex samples. 18 Alternatively, laborious extraction procedures have been described for CIP determination in milk samples to reduce sample matrix effects and for preconcentration.…”

“…8,17,18 The need to include polymeric films associated with carbon nanotubes was reported for improving the selectivity of the sensor for the analysis of complex samples. 18 Alternatively, laborious extraction procedures have been described for CIP determination in milk samples to reduce sample matrix effects and for preconcentration. 19 A very explored strand in the development of electrochemical sensors is the chemical modification of the electrode surface, which provides unique characteristics to this material.…”

Low-Frequency Capacitive Sensing for Environmental Monitoring of Water Pollution with Residual Antibiotics

“…On the development of sensors for detecting a specific antibiotic in wastewater effluents as well as in natural water, an electrochemical sensor in a form of a porous nafion multi-walled carbon nanotube composite film electrode, an electrochemical sensor, was developed to detect the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (CFX) [16]. The sensor was selective only for Ciprofloxacin even with the presence of other antibiotics and non-target water constituents [16].…”

“…The sensor was selective only for Ciprofloxacin even with the presence of other antibiotics and non-target water constituents [16]. Therefore, it was recommended to be applicable in wastewater effluents and in natural waters to detect Ciprofloxacin.…”

The Electrochemical Resolution of Ciprofloxacin, Riboflavin and Estriol Using Anionic Surfactant and Polymer‐Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

“…Also, the widespread consumption of this drug may lead to antibacterial resistance and allergic reactions in the body. Because of the extensive application, a significant amount of CFX can be present in surface and effluent waters Thus, the beneficial importance of CFX constrains the development of sensitive, inexpensive, selective, and rapid sensor for monitoring the CFX residues is of great importance.…”